BLOOD MUSIC
The Real Secret of Bloodtypes
A number of genes, including the ABO blood group gene, were acquired by vertebrates through HGT. Some of our genes come from archea, bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The majority of HGT in primates was found to be ancient, occurring sometime between the common ancestor of Chordata and the common ancestor of the primates.
The first Rhesus gene, the RHCE gene, was discovered in 1990. The RHD gene was found two years later, and the total deletion of this gene ascertained as the cause of the European D negative phenotype.
Most mammals only have one RH gene, whose position corresponds to the human RHCE gene. The RHD gene arose from the duplication of an ancestral RH gene during mammalian evolution. An RHD deletion occurred during the evolution of hominids, so that many modern humans completely lack the RHD gene. This haplotype is the leading cause of the D negative phenotype worldwide.
The clinically essential difference between Rhesus positive and Rhesus negative hinges on the presence or absence of the RhD protein in the erythrocyte membrane (D positive resp. D negative).It is unusual for erythrocyte or other cell proteins to be lacking entirely in many humans. This particular genetic feature contributes to the strong antigenicity of the RhD protein. During duplication of the ancestral RH gene, two DNA segments were formed, known as the Rhesus box (Figure 1)9. The RHD deletion resulted from an unequal crossover (figure 3), which occurs when two DNA segments are highly homologous, such as those of the Rhesus box. The RHD negative haplotype commonest among Europeans is characterized by a hybrid Rhesus box. Subtle molecular differences between the various forms of the Rhesus box are used for genetic testing.
Aside from lack of the RhD protein, the D negative phenotype is caused mainly by a series of changes in the RhD protein, which in turn change the phenotype of the D antigen.
Depending on the phenotype and their molecular structure, these RHD alleles are classified as either partial D, weak D or DEL.
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2994187/Mystery-alien-genes-Scientists-discover-DNA-NOT-ancestors-say-change-think-evolution.html#ixzz3sMfyrxB7
The Real Secret of Bloodtypes
A number of genes, including the ABO blood group gene, were acquired by vertebrates through HGT. Some of our genes come from archea, bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The majority of HGT in primates was found to be ancient, occurring sometime between the common ancestor of Chordata and the common ancestor of the primates.
The first Rhesus gene, the RHCE gene, was discovered in 1990. The RHD gene was found two years later, and the total deletion of this gene ascertained as the cause of the European D negative phenotype.
Most mammals only have one RH gene, whose position corresponds to the human RHCE gene. The RHD gene arose from the duplication of an ancestral RH gene during mammalian evolution. An RHD deletion occurred during the evolution of hominids, so that many modern humans completely lack the RHD gene. This haplotype is the leading cause of the D negative phenotype worldwide.
The clinically essential difference between Rhesus positive and Rhesus negative hinges on the presence or absence of the RhD protein in the erythrocyte membrane (D positive resp. D negative).It is unusual for erythrocyte or other cell proteins to be lacking entirely in many humans. This particular genetic feature contributes to the strong antigenicity of the RhD protein. During duplication of the ancestral RH gene, two DNA segments were formed, known as the Rhesus box (Figure 1)9. The RHD deletion resulted from an unequal crossover (figure 3), which occurs when two DNA segments are highly homologous, such as those of the Rhesus box. The RHD negative haplotype commonest among Europeans is characterized by a hybrid Rhesus box. Subtle molecular differences between the various forms of the Rhesus box are used for genetic testing.
Aside from lack of the RhD protein, the D negative phenotype is caused mainly by a series of changes in the RhD protein, which in turn change the phenotype of the D antigen.
Depending on the phenotype and their molecular structure, these RHD alleles are classified as either partial D, weak D or DEL.
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2994187/Mystery-alien-genes-Scientists-discover-DNA-NOT-ancestors-say-change-think-evolution.html#ixzz3sMfyrxB7
http://www.hitxp.com/articles/science-technology/rh-negative-blood-group-alien-origin/
Why Rh Negative is not Blood of Gods
or of Alien Origin
By Gurudev, Jul 10, 2013
What is an Antigen?The human immune system will attack any foreign substance entering the body by generating antibodies which will attack and destroy them. Hence, these substances which trigger antibody creation are called antigens.
Now there are various useful sugars and proteins on the surface of our red blood cells, which our immune system might otherwise mistake to be foreign bodies and generate antibodies to kill them. However, our immune system is trained to ignore these self antigens (the antigens which are generated inside our body).
The human blood group classification is based on these antigens on our Red Blood Cells (RBC), and there are around 32 Human Blood Group classifications based on the various antigen groups.
What is ABO Blood Group Classification?ABO is a classification of human blood group based on the presence or absence of A or B antigens.
So if your blood has only A antigens, then your blood group is A, if it has only B antigens, then your blood group is B, if it has both of these, then your blood group is AB, and if it has neither, then your blood group is O. Simple, isn’t it?
Now the reason for taking into account this group for blood transfusion is that, if you have A antigen (A Blood Group), then the human immune system will not attack A antigens if the donor’s blood contains A. However if a person with B or AB blood group is given to a person whose blood group is A, then the recipient’s body will attack the B antigens in the received blood as it has not been trained to ignore B antigens. Similarly if A or AB or B blood is given to a person whose blood group is O, then it will attack both A and B antigens. So mismatching blood transfusion can be fatal. And it is for this reason that AB is Universal Recipient as the person’s blood will reject neither A or B antigens, while the O group is Universal Donor as it has no A or B antigens which can be rejected by the recipient’s body.
So what about blood groups like B+ve and O-ve which we keep hearing about?
The Rh Blood Group Classification
The second most important classification of human blood group is based on Rh antigens. While the ABO classification is based on the two antigens A and B, the Rh group has 50 antigens! However, the main Rh classification is based on one single antigen of special importance, called the D antigen. So, if your blood has the Rh D antigen, then your blood group is Rh positive, else it is Rh negative. The reason for the importance of this antigen is that a mismatch in the D antigen can prove fatal during blood transfusion, just like it does in AB antigen mismatch.
So A+ve means a blood group which has A antigen and Rh D antigen. O-ve means a blood group which has neither A nor B antigens, nor Rh D antigen. AB-ve means a blood group which has both A and B antigens, but has no Rh D antigen.
Which is why in case of an emergency when there is no time to match for any other antigen reactions, O-ve is the safest blood transfusion that can be done without any prior tests because of the absence of A, B and Rh antigens in it.
Mother’s blood group proving fatal to the newborn
There is a possibility that a mother whose blood group is Rh negative, carries a child whose blood group is Rh positive, and if mother’s blood comes in contact with the fetus blood, then the mother’s immune system upon finding an antigen foreign to its body, Rh D antigen, will produce antibodies against the Rh parties in the fetus blood which can prove fatal to the fetus.
So, if the father is Rh positive and mother is Rh negative, then extra care should be taken during pregnancy. If the mother’s immune system has prior knowledge of Rh D antigen, either due to some previous blood transfusion of Rh +ve blood group, or if this is not the first pregnancy and the earlier pregnancies carried a Rh positive child, then chances are that the mother’s immune system is already aware of Rh D antigen and has antibodies against it ready, which can be of an immediate concern for the fetus health. Tests are done during early stages of pregnancy, and if the mother is Rh -ve and the child is Rh +ve, then an injection which prevents the mother’s immune system from generating antibodies against Rh D antigen is given during pregnancy. This will ensure that the fetus remains unaffected by the fact that the mother’s blood is Rh negative and ensures a safe delivery of the child.
Does Rh-ve indicate alien blood or Reptilian Blood or Blood of the Gods?
Recently came across this theory which suggests that those with Rh negative blood group might be the descendants of ancient alien astronauts. But before that one more fact. Around 85% of humans are Rh positive, which means they have Rh D antigen in their blood, only around 15% are Rh negative which means they do not have Rh D antigen in their blood. This is also the reason why blood groups like O-ve are very rare.
Back to the alien blood group theory which states that
If all mankind evolved from the same ancestor their blood would be compatible. Where did the Rh negatives come from? If they are not the descendants of prehistoric man, could they be the descendants of the ancient astronauts?
This makes one believe as if Rh negative indicates the “presence of something rare in one’s blood”. But as we learn earlier, Rh negative indicates the “absence of the Rh D antigen” which otherwise is quite abundant in most (85%) humans. So what could be the contribution of alien blood here? Obviously, there is nothing alien here, because there is no alien genes present here, its actually the “absence” of our own genes which produce the Rh D antigen in most humans.
The entire theory seems to have been built upon an incorrect understanding of blood groups, antigens and antibody response. Because Rh D is not the ONLY antigen either, in Rh group itself we have around 50 such antigens, and human blood group classification itself has around 32 types based on different groups of antigens.
The theory then states
All animals and other living creatures known to man can breed with any other of their species. Relative size and color makes no difference. Why does infant’s haemolytic disease occur in humans if all humans are the same species?
This seems to suggest that other animals are free from such instances of mother’s immune system attacking the child’s blood. Well, it is not. We have seen newborns die because of this attack even in horses and mules! It appears in all those species where the mother has a negative antigen blood group, and the fetus has a positive antigen blood group, and mother’s blood comes in contact with fetal blood.
For that matter, it is not only restricted to Rh D antigen either. After all, it is also very much possible that mother whose blood group is O, gives birth to a child whose blood group is B, and if the mother’s blood comes in contact with fetal blood, then there will be antibodies against B produced by the mother’s blood! Its only that in this case it is not life threatening, while in the case of Rh D it can be life threatening to the baby.
All combinations where mother is negative antigen, and child is positive antigen can cause scenarios where mother’s immune system produces antibodies against the child’s positive antigen. It is only that while some of them cause no harm, some cause mild issues, and the ones like Rh D can be severe.
So there is nothing alien here, and this is a common evolutionary compromise across the human species.
The extraterrestrial origin theory also asks a question
Why would a mother’s body reject her own offspring?
In evolution, the immune system has been trained only to accept its own antigens, anything foreign will be attacked by the immune system, and Rh D is not an exception, nor is the only case of its kind. The Rh D in the child came from the father who has to be Rh positive, and there is no way for the mother’s immune system to treat the father’s Rh D antigen as its own, isn’t it? And so, it will attack it.
The theory also asks
Why does it so violently reject the Rh factor?
As we saw earlier, the immune system treats ALL unknown antigens as foreign and attacks them. Rh D looks violent only because, attack on Rh D can cause serious complications in the baby. Not because, mother’s immune system reacts violently ONLY to the Rh D antigen. The response is the same for ANY antigen not found in the mother’s own body.
Evolution of the Rh D negative blood groupMost humans have Rh D antigen, and are hence Rh positive. Very few do not have it and hence are Rh negative. So what caused this mutation where some humans stopped having this antigen in their blood? What purpose did this serve?
It is interesting to note that Rh -ve or the absence of Rh D producing genes is common in the European population, even though it is rare in rest of the world. This suggests that there might be an evolutionary advantage in this European population over NOT having Rh D antigen, than having it. Some recent studies have indicated that Rh negative people are resistant to some parasites like Toxoplasma, or to their effects on the body. So it might as well have served an advantage in this geography NOT to have the Rh D antigen, rather than have it. And hence, such humans evolved to be Rh negative.
And one can find many such instances across human evolution. For example humans who come from an ancestry which started domesticating cattle, and consuming dairy products have digestive systems which generate an enzyme called lactase which helps in digesting milk by digesting the sugar lactose in the milk. However a significant population of humans are also lactose intolerant, which means they cannot digest milk products which contain lactose, because their body does not produce lactase. If these lactose intolerant people drink milk, then they will have symptoms like bloating, sometimes even vomiting. Does this mean lactose intolerant population are from an alien ancestry?
Some evolutionary gene modifications might prove fatal when exposed, but are nevertheless are useful while they remain dormant and hence are continued to be carried. For instance, Sickle Cell anemia is a fatal disease where RBCs sickle up causing life threatening complications. However, those humans who are only carriers of the gene causing Sickle Cell Anemia, but who don’t have the disease are resistant to Malaria! So in such cases such evolution is useful to the body in areas affected by Malaria even though it may cause problems in those kids where the gene becomes active.
Summary
Why Rh Negative is not Blood of Gods
or of Alien Origin
By Gurudev, Jul 10, 2013
What is an Antigen?The human immune system will attack any foreign substance entering the body by generating antibodies which will attack and destroy them. Hence, these substances which trigger antibody creation are called antigens.
Now there are various useful sugars and proteins on the surface of our red blood cells, which our immune system might otherwise mistake to be foreign bodies and generate antibodies to kill them. However, our immune system is trained to ignore these self antigens (the antigens which are generated inside our body).
The human blood group classification is based on these antigens on our Red Blood Cells (RBC), and there are around 32 Human Blood Group classifications based on the various antigen groups.
What is ABO Blood Group Classification?ABO is a classification of human blood group based on the presence or absence of A or B antigens.
So if your blood has only A antigens, then your blood group is A, if it has only B antigens, then your blood group is B, if it has both of these, then your blood group is AB, and if it has neither, then your blood group is O. Simple, isn’t it?
Now the reason for taking into account this group for blood transfusion is that, if you have A antigen (A Blood Group), then the human immune system will not attack A antigens if the donor’s blood contains A. However if a person with B or AB blood group is given to a person whose blood group is A, then the recipient’s body will attack the B antigens in the received blood as it has not been trained to ignore B antigens. Similarly if A or AB or B blood is given to a person whose blood group is O, then it will attack both A and B antigens. So mismatching blood transfusion can be fatal. And it is for this reason that AB is Universal Recipient as the person’s blood will reject neither A or B antigens, while the O group is Universal Donor as it has no A or B antigens which can be rejected by the recipient’s body.
So what about blood groups like B+ve and O-ve which we keep hearing about?
The Rh Blood Group Classification
The second most important classification of human blood group is based on Rh antigens. While the ABO classification is based on the two antigens A and B, the Rh group has 50 antigens! However, the main Rh classification is based on one single antigen of special importance, called the D antigen. So, if your blood has the Rh D antigen, then your blood group is Rh positive, else it is Rh negative. The reason for the importance of this antigen is that a mismatch in the D antigen can prove fatal during blood transfusion, just like it does in AB antigen mismatch.
So A+ve means a blood group which has A antigen and Rh D antigen. O-ve means a blood group which has neither A nor B antigens, nor Rh D antigen. AB-ve means a blood group which has both A and B antigens, but has no Rh D antigen.
Which is why in case of an emergency when there is no time to match for any other antigen reactions, O-ve is the safest blood transfusion that can be done without any prior tests because of the absence of A, B and Rh antigens in it.
Mother’s blood group proving fatal to the newborn
There is a possibility that a mother whose blood group is Rh negative, carries a child whose blood group is Rh positive, and if mother’s blood comes in contact with the fetus blood, then the mother’s immune system upon finding an antigen foreign to its body, Rh D antigen, will produce antibodies against the Rh parties in the fetus blood which can prove fatal to the fetus.
So, if the father is Rh positive and mother is Rh negative, then extra care should be taken during pregnancy. If the mother’s immune system has prior knowledge of Rh D antigen, either due to some previous blood transfusion of Rh +ve blood group, or if this is not the first pregnancy and the earlier pregnancies carried a Rh positive child, then chances are that the mother’s immune system is already aware of Rh D antigen and has antibodies against it ready, which can be of an immediate concern for the fetus health. Tests are done during early stages of pregnancy, and if the mother is Rh -ve and the child is Rh +ve, then an injection which prevents the mother’s immune system from generating antibodies against Rh D antigen is given during pregnancy. This will ensure that the fetus remains unaffected by the fact that the mother’s blood is Rh negative and ensures a safe delivery of the child.
Does Rh-ve indicate alien blood or Reptilian Blood or Blood of the Gods?
Recently came across this theory which suggests that those with Rh negative blood group might be the descendants of ancient alien astronauts. But before that one more fact. Around 85% of humans are Rh positive, which means they have Rh D antigen in their blood, only around 15% are Rh negative which means they do not have Rh D antigen in their blood. This is also the reason why blood groups like O-ve are very rare.
Back to the alien blood group theory which states that
If all mankind evolved from the same ancestor their blood would be compatible. Where did the Rh negatives come from? If they are not the descendants of prehistoric man, could they be the descendants of the ancient astronauts?
This makes one believe as if Rh negative indicates the “presence of something rare in one’s blood”. But as we learn earlier, Rh negative indicates the “absence of the Rh D antigen” which otherwise is quite abundant in most (85%) humans. So what could be the contribution of alien blood here? Obviously, there is nothing alien here, because there is no alien genes present here, its actually the “absence” of our own genes which produce the Rh D antigen in most humans.
The entire theory seems to have been built upon an incorrect understanding of blood groups, antigens and antibody response. Because Rh D is not the ONLY antigen either, in Rh group itself we have around 50 such antigens, and human blood group classification itself has around 32 types based on different groups of antigens.
The theory then states
All animals and other living creatures known to man can breed with any other of their species. Relative size and color makes no difference. Why does infant’s haemolytic disease occur in humans if all humans are the same species?
This seems to suggest that other animals are free from such instances of mother’s immune system attacking the child’s blood. Well, it is not. We have seen newborns die because of this attack even in horses and mules! It appears in all those species where the mother has a negative antigen blood group, and the fetus has a positive antigen blood group, and mother’s blood comes in contact with fetal blood.
For that matter, it is not only restricted to Rh D antigen either. After all, it is also very much possible that mother whose blood group is O, gives birth to a child whose blood group is B, and if the mother’s blood comes in contact with fetal blood, then there will be antibodies against B produced by the mother’s blood! Its only that in this case it is not life threatening, while in the case of Rh D it can be life threatening to the baby.
All combinations where mother is negative antigen, and child is positive antigen can cause scenarios where mother’s immune system produces antibodies against the child’s positive antigen. It is only that while some of them cause no harm, some cause mild issues, and the ones like Rh D can be severe.
So there is nothing alien here, and this is a common evolutionary compromise across the human species.
The extraterrestrial origin theory also asks a question
Why would a mother’s body reject her own offspring?
In evolution, the immune system has been trained only to accept its own antigens, anything foreign will be attacked by the immune system, and Rh D is not an exception, nor is the only case of its kind. The Rh D in the child came from the father who has to be Rh positive, and there is no way for the mother’s immune system to treat the father’s Rh D antigen as its own, isn’t it? And so, it will attack it.
The theory also asks
Why does it so violently reject the Rh factor?
As we saw earlier, the immune system treats ALL unknown antigens as foreign and attacks them. Rh D looks violent only because, attack on Rh D can cause serious complications in the baby. Not because, mother’s immune system reacts violently ONLY to the Rh D antigen. The response is the same for ANY antigen not found in the mother’s own body.
Evolution of the Rh D negative blood groupMost humans have Rh D antigen, and are hence Rh positive. Very few do not have it and hence are Rh negative. So what caused this mutation where some humans stopped having this antigen in their blood? What purpose did this serve?
It is interesting to note that Rh -ve or the absence of Rh D producing genes is common in the European population, even though it is rare in rest of the world. This suggests that there might be an evolutionary advantage in this European population over NOT having Rh D antigen, than having it. Some recent studies have indicated that Rh negative people are resistant to some parasites like Toxoplasma, or to their effects on the body. So it might as well have served an advantage in this geography NOT to have the Rh D antigen, rather than have it. And hence, such humans evolved to be Rh negative.
And one can find many such instances across human evolution. For example humans who come from an ancestry which started domesticating cattle, and consuming dairy products have digestive systems which generate an enzyme called lactase which helps in digesting milk by digesting the sugar lactose in the milk. However a significant population of humans are also lactose intolerant, which means they cannot digest milk products which contain lactose, because their body does not produce lactase. If these lactose intolerant people drink milk, then they will have symptoms like bloating, sometimes even vomiting. Does this mean lactose intolerant population are from an alien ancestry?
Some evolutionary gene modifications might prove fatal when exposed, but are nevertheless are useful while they remain dormant and hence are continued to be carried. For instance, Sickle Cell anemia is a fatal disease where RBCs sickle up causing life threatening complications. However, those humans who are only carriers of the gene causing Sickle Cell Anemia, but who don’t have the disease are resistant to Malaria! So in such cases such evolution is useful to the body in areas affected by Malaria even though it may cause problems in those kids where the gene becomes active.
Summary
- Rh negative does not indicate the presence of anything special or alien, it is the absence of Rh D antigen which is pretty common in humans otherwise.
- Rh D is just another normal antigen and there are lot many antigens similar to Rh D.
- Rh negative is NOT the only antigen which can cause problems to the baby.
- Mother’s body does not selectively react violently ONLY to the Rh D antigen.
- Cases where mother’s blood group causes problems to the child are not restricted to humans alone.
- There is nothing alien or out of this planet about Rh D negativity
- The Rhesus Factor has little to do with the actual blood of monkeys. It has NOTHING to do with any notion that monkey blood is in human blood, or that they evolved from the same ancestor. The Rhesus Factor was SPECIFICALLY named because the Rhesus Monkey was the primary lab animal used at the time. In fact, the discovery didn't even happen in Rhesus Monkeys. It happened in rabbits when they injected rabbits with Rhesus Antigens. The naming of the system came 7 years after the discovery, when they attributed the nomenclature of the system to the animal from where they took the antigens. NOTHING to do with evolving from monkeys.
The Mystery of Rh-Negative Blood
MYTH: No solid scientific explanation exists as to how or why Rh- blood came about.
FACT: Rh SCIENTIFIC ORIGIN is NOT a Scientific Mystery
As for the evolution of Rh factor, Blancher and Apoil (2000) attribute the high level of sequence similarity (92%) of the two RH locus genes, RHD and RHCE to a gene duplication event in the common ancestor of human, chimps, and gorillas. Their analysis of the cDNA from these genes revealed "complex recombination events" after the lineages split.
Basically the most recent common ancestor of apes had the "human" RH genes, which then differentiated after the lineages diverged. Duplicate and differentiate is a common theme in evolution. The only reason science can't claim an origin for RH type is we don't have the name or body of the first couple transmitting the mutation -- hardly a big mystery, and far from "baffling," unless one is easily confused. It didn't appear from nowhere; it appeared from a mutation in a common ancestor of Rh- carriers, including those who are Rh-positive carriers of the recessive trait. Denying the mutation may be symptomatic of deliberate mystification.
The science of 1937 is not the science of today.
In 1937, Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener discovered the RH factor. 85% of the human population had the Rh D antigen on their red blood cells which was in common with the Rhesus monkeys and 15% of the population mysteriously did not have this antigen. The RH negative factor is from a mutation that popped up in Europe and has not been selected out of our genetics yet.
As for why it's called rhesus antigen, that's just as experimental artifact:
The term "Rhesus antigen" was introduced by Landsteiner and Wiener, who found that rabbits (and later, guinea pigs) immunized with red blood cells (RBCs) from a rhesus monkey produced antibodies which agglutinated 85% of Caucasian blood samples (Landsteiner and Wiener 1940, 1941).
They probably weren't even correct about the antibodies being rhesus:
In conclusion, if the term "Rh" was coined by Landsteiner and Wiener because of the source of antigens (the rhesus monkey) they used to obtain anti-Rh in rabbits, it is highly probable that, in fact, they produced anti-LW antibodies.
Human DNA is 98% identical to the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee.Therefore the absence of Antigen D is not going to make the slightest difference in proving that one is not related to the Gorilla in comparison to others who share the commonality of Antigen D with the Gorillla. Who's the monkey now?
Some see it as a defect:
Those with Rh Negative Blood produce a Rabbit Serum that agglutinates the Red Blood Cells that are found amongst those with Rh Positive Blood Types and therefore one with Rh Negative Blood cannot receive blood from Rh Positive donors. In this regard that which is an unnatural mutation and genetical defect (Rh Negative) cannot receive that which is most natural to human creation (Rh Positive). This is the very nature of the defect which is Rh Negative. Rh Negative is characterized by one who has two defective copies of the RHD Gene rendering the individual incapable of producing Antigen D. Others who have been effected by the mutation and have one functioning copy and one defective copy of the RHD Gene suffer from what is known as RHD Silent Allele. Rh Negative is a genetical defect not a sign of genetical superiority.
FACT: Laschamp event: Roughly 40,000 years ago Earth's magnetic shield went down, exposing humanity to unusual amounts of cosmic radiation.
GENETIC MAPPING
Genetic mapping helps to show that a mutation from RH positive to RH negative occurred somewhere in the Basque area of Europe maybe as much as 40,000 years ago. So what happened then? Ice Age Polarity Reversal Was a Global Event: Extremely Brief Reversal of Geomagnetic Field, Climate Variability, and Super Volcano.
Such a global event -- diminishing Earth's magnetic shield -- greatly increases the possibilities of mutations and turning off of genes -- gene conversion and gene deletion, normal genetic processes -- a change in molecular structure. A repressed gene is turned off. This process is not externally "introduced"; it is a natural molecular process. Diseases also start by mutation or other genome altering mechanisms.
Anyone who can't find good evidence for Rh- as a natural event only demonstrates their lack of research skill, not that it doesn't exist. Pseudo-scientific confabulations about Rh- produce no credible sources, but merely repeat internet memes or Belief Systems (BS), embraced from lack of critical thinking, psychological issues, and disinformation and/or religious and quasi-religious metaphysical and ontological notions about their "purity," "specialness," or other self-delusions.
A trait of many Rh- seems to be gullibility. Their "psychic abilities" fail them in this regard. Most are passionate about their disregard for science or rationality, yet somehow consider themselves more balanced and intelligent. It is such "theories" which have no solid scientific basis. But the same people have no problem with DNA evidence when they want to prove their other points. While critical of science, they become enraged when criticized.
Cited "sources" are daisy-chains of parrot-like repetition, as if that makes it so. Viable
Links must be reputable sources. Everything else is speculation or opinion. In such cases, the reader should search out information on the author before buying into a new theory. When it comes to Rh negative blood, some people write bizarre statements like they’re letting you in on a secret.
The truth is most can’t source any of their facts, so they layer in conspiracy theories along with their personal opinions. The problem is they present it as fact and not an opinion, on which they layer other falsifications, based on faulty assumptions. What we find is an evidence of prejudice for a non-substantiated, unscientific notion for a variety of tangible and psychological "payoffs." This prejudice has had its own evolution online even though we cannot scientifically substantiate its origin in Patient X or Zero -- the victim of a random mutation and the vector of its dispersal.
What is clear is David Icke is Patient X for the Reptilian nonsense. Sitchn and David Hatcher Childress promoted the Ancient Alien hybrid hypothesis, along with others too numerous to mention.
Preponderance of Evidence
Most mammals only have one RH gene, whose position corresponds to the human RHCE gene. The RHD gene arose from the duplication of an ancestral RH gene during mammalian evolution. An RHD deletion occurred9 during the evolution of hominids, so that many modern humans completely lack the RHD gene. This haplotype (glossary) is the leading cause of the D negative phenotype worldwide.
The human genome—our complete set of genetic information—includes thousands of genes. Some of the very first human genes to be identified were those that control blood type.
ABO blood groups and the Rh blood groups. The Rh blood group is determined by a single gene with two alleles—positive and negative. The positive (Rh+) allele is dominant, so person with Rh+/Rh+ or Rh+/Rh− are Rh- positive. Individuals with two Rh− alleles are Rh-negative.
The ABO blood group has three alleles IA, IB, and i. Alleles IA and IB are codominant.
These alleles produce molecules known as antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
The RH alleles can be grouped according to their molecular structure. For the most part, these groups show point mutations (SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms) which cause missense, nonsense, frame shift or splice site mutations.
Let’s discuss the Rhesus blood group system first. This system has multiple antigens, but the most important is encoded by the RHD locus, and is called RhD or simply Rh factor. The phenotypes associated with the RHD locus are either the presence of Rh factor (Rh positive) or the absence of the Rh factor (Rh negative).
RHD-CE-D hybrid alleles are often formed by gene conversion. http://www.nature.com/scitable/popular-students-page/68
Active genes can turn other genes on or off, including themselves.
Human traits are not always controlled by a single gene; sometimes the environment [epigenetics] may “create” a trait. Mutations are not a freak of nature, but a normal evolutionary process.
The examples of molecular changes and their effects on the D antigen (Table I) show how the D antigen phenotype correlates with the molecular structure.
NO MONKEYS, NO ALIENS, NO GOD BLOOD, NO ENKI
The genes for bloodtype and Rh factor are not even on the same chromosomes.
Rh factor has NOTHING to do with "monkey genes". but comes from the animals used to test the process.
Humans, chimpanzees and monkeys share DNA but not gene regulatory mechanisms. Up to 40 percent of the differences in the expression or activity patterns of genes between humans, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys can be explained by regulatory mechanisms that determine whether and how a gene's recipe for a protein is transcribed to the RNA molecule that carries the recipe instructions to the sites in cells where proteins are manufactured.
Alien and other heterodox theories make one believe as if Rh negative indicates the “presence of something rare in one’s blood”. But as we learn earlier, Rh negative indicates the “absence of the Rh D antigen” which otherwise is quite abundant in most (85%) humans. So what could be the contribution of alien blood here? Obviously, there is nothing alien here, because there is no alien genes present here, its actually the “absence” of our own genes which produce the Rh D antigen in most humans. http://www.hitxp.com/articles/science-technology/rh-negative-blood-group-alien-origin/
The entire theory seems to have been built upon an incorrect understanding of blood groups, antigens and antibody response. Because Rh D is not the ONLY antigen either, in Rh group itself we have around 50 such antigens, and human blood group classification itself has around 32 types based on different groups of antigens.
A given gene, in almost all cases, codes for a protein. When that gene is present and unmutated, the protein is present and effective. In the case of Rh factor, the protein is present ("Rh-positive") or not ("Rh-negative"). If you have one copy of the gene, you've got the protein, so it doesn't matter if you have one or two -- that's dominance. Only if you have NO copies of the gene can you be Rh-negative. Recessive traits are those that require the absence of a certain protein (or mutation) to show up; blue eyes, for instance, are recessive because it's only possible to have blue eyes in the (near-total) absence of melanin, so if you have any genes for producing melanin, your eyes won't be blue.
The clinically essential difference between Rhesus positive and Rhesus negative hinges on the presence or absence of the RhD protein in the erythrocyte membrane (D positive resp. D negative).
It is unusual for erythrocyte or other cell proteins to be lacking entirely in many humans. This particular genetic feature contributes to the strong antigenicity of the RhD protein. During duplication of the ancestral RH gene, two DNA segments were formed, known as the Rhesus box (Figure 1)9. The RHD deletion resulted from an unequal crossover (figure 3), which occurs when two DNA segments are highly homologous, such as those of the Rhesus box. The RHD negative haplotype commonest among Europeans is characterized by a hybrid Rhesus box. Subtle molecular differences between the various forms of the Rhesus box are used for genetic testing.
Aside from lack of the RhD protein, the D negative phenotype is caused mainly by a series of changes in the RhD protein, which in turn change the phenotype of the D antigen.
The RhD protein traverses the erythrocyte membrane several times, leaving only part of the protein exposed at the surface (Figure 2). If an amino acid is substituted in a portion of the RhD protein which is located at the outer surface of the erythrocyte membrane, single epitopes of the D antigen can be lost or new antigens can be formed.
The structure of the RH gene site facilitates gene conversions (figure 4)10. In the RHD gene some homologous exons of the RHCE gene will be inserted, forming a hybrid Rhesus allele which expresses a corresponding hybrid protein. This is how the D categories III to VI arose. The changes usually affect a long string of amino acids, which is always located on the erythrocyte surface.
If an amino acid substitution is located within the erythrocyte membrane or the cytoplasm, this will result in a weak D phenotype (figure 2)11. Integration of the RhD protein into the membrane will be hindered, leading to quantitative weakening of the D antigen. There is usually no qualitative change, and hence no anti-D immunization. The weak D type 1 is the commonest in Europe. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2535884/
RH+ have a gene called Rh13, and people who are RH- do not have this gene at all. Geneticist have described the RH negative factor as a mutation that occurred through a process of gene deletion, which is known as the “crossing over effect”. Geneticists believe that the RH+ blood type is the oldest blood type with type O RH+ being the oldest. If RH- is a more recent mutation, then how did this occur? The copying of the RHD gene did not get copied and therefore when this strand was being reproduced in descendants it got copied and carried over without the RHD gene.
TARGET GENES CAN BE TURNED OFF BY RADIATION AND EPIGENETICS
Lowered Field Strength > Geomagnetic Excursion > Increased Cosmic Ray & Solar Bombardment > Genetic Mutation > Gene Deletion
ScienceDaily — Some 41,000 years ago, a complete and rapid reversal of the geomagnetic field occurred. Magnetic studies of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences on sediment cores from the Black Sea show that during this period, during the last ice age, a compass at the Black Sea would have pointed to the south instead of north. Moreover, data obtained by the research team formed around GFZ researchers Dr. Norbert Nowaczyk and Prof. Helge Arz, together with additional data from other studies in the North Atlantic, the South Pacific and Hawaii, prove that this polarity reversal was a global event. Their results are published in the latest issue of the scientific journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters. What is remarkable is the speed of the reversal: "The field geometry of reversed polarity, with field lines pointing into the opposite direction when compared to today's configuration, lasted for only about 440 years, and it was associated with a field strength that was only one quarter of today's field," explains Norbert Nowaczyk. "The actual polarity changes lasted only 250 years. In terms of geological time scales, that is very fast." During this period, the field was even weaker, with only 5% of today's field strength. As a consequence, Earth nearly completely lost its protection shield against hard cosmic rays, leading to a significantly increased radiation exposure.
The human RH locus appears to consist of two structural genes, D and CE, which map on the short arm p34-36 of chromosome 1 and specify a most complex system of blood-group genetic polymorphisms. Here we describe a family study of the Evans (also known as "D..") phenotype, a codominant trait associated with both qualitative and quantitative changes in D-antigen expression. A cataract-causing mutation was also inherited in this family and was apparently cotransmitted with Evans, suggesting a chromosomal linkage of these two otherwise unrelated traits. Southern blot analysis and allele-specific PCR showed the linkage of Evans with a SphI RFLP marker and the presence of a hybrid gene in the RH locus. To delineate the pattern of gene expression, the composition and structure of Rh-polypeptide transcripts were characterized by reverse transcriptase-PCR and nucleotide sequencing. This resulted in the identification of a novel Rh transcript expressed only in the Evans-positive erythroid cells. Sequence analysis showed that the transcript maintained a normal open reading frame but occurred as a CE-D-CE composite in which exons 2-6 of the CE gene were replaced by the homologous counterpart of the D gene. This hybrid gene was predicted to encode a CE-D-CE fusion protein whose surface expression correlates with the Evans phenotype. The mode and consequence of such a recombination event suggest the occurrence, in the RH locus, of a segmental DNA transfer via the mechanism of gene conversion. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1914783/
Evolution of the Rh D negative blood group Most humans have Rh D antigen, and are hence Rh positive. Very few do not have it and hence are Rh negative. So what caused this mutation where some humans stopped having this antigen in their blood? What purpose did this serve?
It is interesting to note that Rh -ve or the absence of Rh D producing genes is common in the European population, even though it is rare in rest of the world. This suggests that there might be an evolutionary advantage in this European population over NOT having Rh D antigen, than having it. Some recent studies have indicated that Rh negative people are resistant to some parasites like Toxoplasma, or to their effects on the body. So it might as well have served an advantage in this geography NOT to have the Rh D antigen, rather than have it. And hence, such humans evolved to be Rh negative.
And one can find many such instances across human evolution. For example humans who come from an ancestry which started domesticating cattle, and consuming dairy products have digestive systems which generate an enzyme called lactase which helps in digesting milk by digesting the sugar lactose in the milk. However a significant population of humans are also lactose intolerant, which means they cannot digest milk products which contain lactose, because their body does not produce lactase. If these lactose intolerant people drink milk, then they will have symptoms like bloating, sometimes even vomiting. Does this mean lactose intolerant population are from an alien ancestry?
Some evolutionary gene modifications might prove fatal when exposed, but are nevertheless are useful while they remain dormant and hence are continued to be carried. For instance, Sickle Cell anemia is a fatal disease where RBCs sickle up causing life threatening complications. However, those humans who are only carriers of the gene causing Sickle Cell Anemia, but who don’t have the disease are resistant to Malaria! So in such cases such evolution is useful to the body in areas affected by Malaria even though it may cause problems in those kids where the gene becomes active.
Summary
MYTH: No solid scientific explanation exists as to how or why Rh- blood came about.
FACT: Rh SCIENTIFIC ORIGIN is NOT a Scientific Mystery
As for the evolution of Rh factor, Blancher and Apoil (2000) attribute the high level of sequence similarity (92%) of the two RH locus genes, RHD and RHCE to a gene duplication event in the common ancestor of human, chimps, and gorillas. Their analysis of the cDNA from these genes revealed "complex recombination events" after the lineages split.
Basically the most recent common ancestor of apes had the "human" RH genes, which then differentiated after the lineages diverged. Duplicate and differentiate is a common theme in evolution. The only reason science can't claim an origin for RH type is we don't have the name or body of the first couple transmitting the mutation -- hardly a big mystery, and far from "baffling," unless one is easily confused. It didn't appear from nowhere; it appeared from a mutation in a common ancestor of Rh- carriers, including those who are Rh-positive carriers of the recessive trait. Denying the mutation may be symptomatic of deliberate mystification.
The science of 1937 is not the science of today.
In 1937, Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener discovered the RH factor. 85% of the human population had the Rh D antigen on their red blood cells which was in common with the Rhesus monkeys and 15% of the population mysteriously did not have this antigen. The RH negative factor is from a mutation that popped up in Europe and has not been selected out of our genetics yet.
As for why it's called rhesus antigen, that's just as experimental artifact:
The term "Rhesus antigen" was introduced by Landsteiner and Wiener, who found that rabbits (and later, guinea pigs) immunized with red blood cells (RBCs) from a rhesus monkey produced antibodies which agglutinated 85% of Caucasian blood samples (Landsteiner and Wiener 1940, 1941).
They probably weren't even correct about the antibodies being rhesus:
In conclusion, if the term "Rh" was coined by Landsteiner and Wiener because of the source of antigens (the rhesus monkey) they used to obtain anti-Rh in rabbits, it is highly probable that, in fact, they produced anti-LW antibodies.
Human DNA is 98% identical to the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee.Therefore the absence of Antigen D is not going to make the slightest difference in proving that one is not related to the Gorilla in comparison to others who share the commonality of Antigen D with the Gorillla. Who's the monkey now?
Some see it as a defect:
Those with Rh Negative Blood produce a Rabbit Serum that agglutinates the Red Blood Cells that are found amongst those with Rh Positive Blood Types and therefore one with Rh Negative Blood cannot receive blood from Rh Positive donors. In this regard that which is an unnatural mutation and genetical defect (Rh Negative) cannot receive that which is most natural to human creation (Rh Positive). This is the very nature of the defect which is Rh Negative. Rh Negative is characterized by one who has two defective copies of the RHD Gene rendering the individual incapable of producing Antigen D. Others who have been effected by the mutation and have one functioning copy and one defective copy of the RHD Gene suffer from what is known as RHD Silent Allele. Rh Negative is a genetical defect not a sign of genetical superiority.
FACT: Laschamp event: Roughly 40,000 years ago Earth's magnetic shield went down, exposing humanity to unusual amounts of cosmic radiation.
GENETIC MAPPING
Genetic mapping helps to show that a mutation from RH positive to RH negative occurred somewhere in the Basque area of Europe maybe as much as 40,000 years ago. So what happened then? Ice Age Polarity Reversal Was a Global Event: Extremely Brief Reversal of Geomagnetic Field, Climate Variability, and Super Volcano.
Such a global event -- diminishing Earth's magnetic shield -- greatly increases the possibilities of mutations and turning off of genes -- gene conversion and gene deletion, normal genetic processes -- a change in molecular structure. A repressed gene is turned off. This process is not externally "introduced"; it is a natural molecular process. Diseases also start by mutation or other genome altering mechanisms.
Anyone who can't find good evidence for Rh- as a natural event only demonstrates their lack of research skill, not that it doesn't exist. Pseudo-scientific confabulations about Rh- produce no credible sources, but merely repeat internet memes or Belief Systems (BS), embraced from lack of critical thinking, psychological issues, and disinformation and/or religious and quasi-religious metaphysical and ontological notions about their "purity," "specialness," or other self-delusions.
A trait of many Rh- seems to be gullibility. Their "psychic abilities" fail them in this regard. Most are passionate about their disregard for science or rationality, yet somehow consider themselves more balanced and intelligent. It is such "theories" which have no solid scientific basis. But the same people have no problem with DNA evidence when they want to prove their other points. While critical of science, they become enraged when criticized.
Cited "sources" are daisy-chains of parrot-like repetition, as if that makes it so. Viable
Links must be reputable sources. Everything else is speculation or opinion. In such cases, the reader should search out information on the author before buying into a new theory. When it comes to Rh negative blood, some people write bizarre statements like they’re letting you in on a secret.
The truth is most can’t source any of their facts, so they layer in conspiracy theories along with their personal opinions. The problem is they present it as fact and not an opinion, on which they layer other falsifications, based on faulty assumptions. What we find is an evidence of prejudice for a non-substantiated, unscientific notion for a variety of tangible and psychological "payoffs." This prejudice has had its own evolution online even though we cannot scientifically substantiate its origin in Patient X or Zero -- the victim of a random mutation and the vector of its dispersal.
What is clear is David Icke is Patient X for the Reptilian nonsense. Sitchn and David Hatcher Childress promoted the Ancient Alien hybrid hypothesis, along with others too numerous to mention.
Preponderance of Evidence
Most mammals only have one RH gene, whose position corresponds to the human RHCE gene. The RHD gene arose from the duplication of an ancestral RH gene during mammalian evolution. An RHD deletion occurred9 during the evolution of hominids, so that many modern humans completely lack the RHD gene. This haplotype (glossary) is the leading cause of the D negative phenotype worldwide.
The human genome—our complete set of genetic information—includes thousands of genes. Some of the very first human genes to be identified were those that control blood type.
ABO blood groups and the Rh blood groups. The Rh blood group is determined by a single gene with two alleles—positive and negative. The positive (Rh+) allele is dominant, so person with Rh+/Rh+ or Rh+/Rh− are Rh- positive. Individuals with two Rh− alleles are Rh-negative.
The ABO blood group has three alleles IA, IB, and i. Alleles IA and IB are codominant.
These alleles produce molecules known as antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
The RH alleles can be grouped according to their molecular structure. For the most part, these groups show point mutations (SNP, single nucleotide polymorphisms) which cause missense, nonsense, frame shift or splice site mutations.
Let’s discuss the Rhesus blood group system first. This system has multiple antigens, but the most important is encoded by the RHD locus, and is called RhD or simply Rh factor. The phenotypes associated with the RHD locus are either the presence of Rh factor (Rh positive) or the absence of the Rh factor (Rh negative).
RHD-CE-D hybrid alleles are often formed by gene conversion. http://www.nature.com/scitable/popular-students-page/68
Active genes can turn other genes on or off, including themselves.
Human traits are not always controlled by a single gene; sometimes the environment [epigenetics] may “create” a trait. Mutations are not a freak of nature, but a normal evolutionary process.
The examples of molecular changes and their effects on the D antigen (Table I) show how the D antigen phenotype correlates with the molecular structure.
NO MONKEYS, NO ALIENS, NO GOD BLOOD, NO ENKI
The genes for bloodtype and Rh factor are not even on the same chromosomes.
Rh factor has NOTHING to do with "monkey genes". but comes from the animals used to test the process.
Humans, chimpanzees and monkeys share DNA but not gene regulatory mechanisms. Up to 40 percent of the differences in the expression or activity patterns of genes between humans, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys can be explained by regulatory mechanisms that determine whether and how a gene's recipe for a protein is transcribed to the RNA molecule that carries the recipe instructions to the sites in cells where proteins are manufactured.
Alien and other heterodox theories make one believe as if Rh negative indicates the “presence of something rare in one’s blood”. But as we learn earlier, Rh negative indicates the “absence of the Rh D antigen” which otherwise is quite abundant in most (85%) humans. So what could be the contribution of alien blood here? Obviously, there is nothing alien here, because there is no alien genes present here, its actually the “absence” of our own genes which produce the Rh D antigen in most humans. http://www.hitxp.com/articles/science-technology/rh-negative-blood-group-alien-origin/
The entire theory seems to have been built upon an incorrect understanding of blood groups, antigens and antibody response. Because Rh D is not the ONLY antigen either, in Rh group itself we have around 50 such antigens, and human blood group classification itself has around 32 types based on different groups of antigens.
A given gene, in almost all cases, codes for a protein. When that gene is present and unmutated, the protein is present and effective. In the case of Rh factor, the protein is present ("Rh-positive") or not ("Rh-negative"). If you have one copy of the gene, you've got the protein, so it doesn't matter if you have one or two -- that's dominance. Only if you have NO copies of the gene can you be Rh-negative. Recessive traits are those that require the absence of a certain protein (or mutation) to show up; blue eyes, for instance, are recessive because it's only possible to have blue eyes in the (near-total) absence of melanin, so if you have any genes for producing melanin, your eyes won't be blue.
The clinically essential difference between Rhesus positive and Rhesus negative hinges on the presence or absence of the RhD protein in the erythrocyte membrane (D positive resp. D negative).
It is unusual for erythrocyte or other cell proteins to be lacking entirely in many humans. This particular genetic feature contributes to the strong antigenicity of the RhD protein. During duplication of the ancestral RH gene, two DNA segments were formed, known as the Rhesus box (Figure 1)9. The RHD deletion resulted from an unequal crossover (figure 3), which occurs when two DNA segments are highly homologous, such as those of the Rhesus box. The RHD negative haplotype commonest among Europeans is characterized by a hybrid Rhesus box. Subtle molecular differences between the various forms of the Rhesus box are used for genetic testing.
Aside from lack of the RhD protein, the D negative phenotype is caused mainly by a series of changes in the RhD protein, which in turn change the phenotype of the D antigen.
The RhD protein traverses the erythrocyte membrane several times, leaving only part of the protein exposed at the surface (Figure 2). If an amino acid is substituted in a portion of the RhD protein which is located at the outer surface of the erythrocyte membrane, single epitopes of the D antigen can be lost or new antigens can be formed.
The structure of the RH gene site facilitates gene conversions (figure 4)10. In the RHD gene some homologous exons of the RHCE gene will be inserted, forming a hybrid Rhesus allele which expresses a corresponding hybrid protein. This is how the D categories III to VI arose. The changes usually affect a long string of amino acids, which is always located on the erythrocyte surface.
If an amino acid substitution is located within the erythrocyte membrane or the cytoplasm, this will result in a weak D phenotype (figure 2)11. Integration of the RhD protein into the membrane will be hindered, leading to quantitative weakening of the D antigen. There is usually no qualitative change, and hence no anti-D immunization. The weak D type 1 is the commonest in Europe. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2535884/
RH+ have a gene called Rh13, and people who are RH- do not have this gene at all. Geneticist have described the RH negative factor as a mutation that occurred through a process of gene deletion, which is known as the “crossing over effect”. Geneticists believe that the RH+ blood type is the oldest blood type with type O RH+ being the oldest. If RH- is a more recent mutation, then how did this occur? The copying of the RHD gene did not get copied and therefore when this strand was being reproduced in descendants it got copied and carried over without the RHD gene.
TARGET GENES CAN BE TURNED OFF BY RADIATION AND EPIGENETICS
Lowered Field Strength > Geomagnetic Excursion > Increased Cosmic Ray & Solar Bombardment > Genetic Mutation > Gene Deletion
ScienceDaily — Some 41,000 years ago, a complete and rapid reversal of the geomagnetic field occurred. Magnetic studies of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences on sediment cores from the Black Sea show that during this period, during the last ice age, a compass at the Black Sea would have pointed to the south instead of north. Moreover, data obtained by the research team formed around GFZ researchers Dr. Norbert Nowaczyk and Prof. Helge Arz, together with additional data from other studies in the North Atlantic, the South Pacific and Hawaii, prove that this polarity reversal was a global event. Their results are published in the latest issue of the scientific journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters. What is remarkable is the speed of the reversal: "The field geometry of reversed polarity, with field lines pointing into the opposite direction when compared to today's configuration, lasted for only about 440 years, and it was associated with a field strength that was only one quarter of today's field," explains Norbert Nowaczyk. "The actual polarity changes lasted only 250 years. In terms of geological time scales, that is very fast." During this period, the field was even weaker, with only 5% of today's field strength. As a consequence, Earth nearly completely lost its protection shield against hard cosmic rays, leading to a significantly increased radiation exposure.
The human RH locus appears to consist of two structural genes, D and CE, which map on the short arm p34-36 of chromosome 1 and specify a most complex system of blood-group genetic polymorphisms. Here we describe a family study of the Evans (also known as "D..") phenotype, a codominant trait associated with both qualitative and quantitative changes in D-antigen expression. A cataract-causing mutation was also inherited in this family and was apparently cotransmitted with Evans, suggesting a chromosomal linkage of these two otherwise unrelated traits. Southern blot analysis and allele-specific PCR showed the linkage of Evans with a SphI RFLP marker and the presence of a hybrid gene in the RH locus. To delineate the pattern of gene expression, the composition and structure of Rh-polypeptide transcripts were characterized by reverse transcriptase-PCR and nucleotide sequencing. This resulted in the identification of a novel Rh transcript expressed only in the Evans-positive erythroid cells. Sequence analysis showed that the transcript maintained a normal open reading frame but occurred as a CE-D-CE composite in which exons 2-6 of the CE gene were replaced by the homologous counterpart of the D gene. This hybrid gene was predicted to encode a CE-D-CE fusion protein whose surface expression correlates with the Evans phenotype. The mode and consequence of such a recombination event suggest the occurrence, in the RH locus, of a segmental DNA transfer via the mechanism of gene conversion. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1914783/
Evolution of the Rh D negative blood group Most humans have Rh D antigen, and are hence Rh positive. Very few do not have it and hence are Rh negative. So what caused this mutation where some humans stopped having this antigen in their blood? What purpose did this serve?
It is interesting to note that Rh -ve or the absence of Rh D producing genes is common in the European population, even though it is rare in rest of the world. This suggests that there might be an evolutionary advantage in this European population over NOT having Rh D antigen, than having it. Some recent studies have indicated that Rh negative people are resistant to some parasites like Toxoplasma, or to their effects on the body. So it might as well have served an advantage in this geography NOT to have the Rh D antigen, rather than have it. And hence, such humans evolved to be Rh negative.
And one can find many such instances across human evolution. For example humans who come from an ancestry which started domesticating cattle, and consuming dairy products have digestive systems which generate an enzyme called lactase which helps in digesting milk by digesting the sugar lactose in the milk. However a significant population of humans are also lactose intolerant, which means they cannot digest milk products which contain lactose, because their body does not produce lactase. If these lactose intolerant people drink milk, then they will have symptoms like bloating, sometimes even vomiting. Does this mean lactose intolerant population are from an alien ancestry?
Some evolutionary gene modifications might prove fatal when exposed, but are nevertheless are useful while they remain dormant and hence are continued to be carried. For instance, Sickle Cell anemia is a fatal disease where RBCs sickle up causing life threatening complications. However, those humans who are only carriers of the gene causing Sickle Cell Anemia, but who don’t have the disease are resistant to Malaria! So in such cases such evolution is useful to the body in areas affected by Malaria even though it may cause problems in those kids where the gene becomes active.
Summary
- Rh negative does not indicate the presence of anything special or alien, it is the absence of Rh D antigen which is pretty common in humans otherwise.
- Rh D is just another normal antigen and there are lot many antigens similar to Rh D.
- Rh negative is NOT the only antigen which can cause problems to the baby.
- Mother’s body does not selectively react violently ONLY to the Rh D antigen.
- Cases where mother’s blood group causes problems to the child are not restricted to humans alone.
- There is nothing alien or out of this planet about Rh D negativity
The vast majority of RH- people come from the Basque people of France and Spain, and then Europe has the second highest percentage. We can surmise that the RH- blood type originates out of Europe and has spread over to other countries that contain European ancestry heritage. The RH- recessive alleles (+/-) make up approximately 60% of the Basque people and 40% of the Europeans, so that means that a higher percentage of RH+ people in Europe are carrying the genetics of the RH- factor in their DNA.
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If you’re someone who believes Rhd blood is pure blood and contains none of the same characteristics of money/ape blood, you’ve been pranked, punked, deluded, lied to, and shined on. Even if you don’t believe in evolution, you can’t escape the scientific work processed for over a hundred years. The data is clear; we share blood characteristics with monkeys and apes. All humans do. This fact is confirmed by the Blood Grandfathers, if you will, the men who gave us blood typing and Rh Factor discoveries. How is it so many revere the names’ Landsteiner, Levine, and Weiner in one breath, and in the next, deny everything they believed in?
For the record and for all time, the same doctors that discovered the blood types and the RH Factor knew we shared blood characteristics with monkeys and apes. They went in search of them! Weiner alone has many articles covering this fact. He worked extensively with apes and monkeys. He purposely and with dedication sought out the shared similarities in his research.
I think one reason why everyone’s confused is because people absorbed the wrong information in their initial search. Answers are on-line but they’re spread out helter-skelter. As soon as you speak or write, “We (Rhd) don’t have monkey blood proteins in us, we have pure blood.” The doctor, geneticist, etc knows you’re missing basic facts, and they don’t think the truth will “sit” well with you. So to avoid conflict, they dodge questions. They don’t owe you an answer when clearly you’ve formed an off the wall opinion.
Here’s the truth and all you need to know if you want to stop reading – In the beginning: In error, the paternal antigen (Rh+) was named the Rhesus factor. If you’re still confused read the historical story I’m presenting, and I think your confusion will clear if you keep an open mind.
Let me explain. This error wasn’t done on purpose. The Landsteiner teams found 6 antigens and now there are around 57. The Rh system is complicated; it was then and it remains complex today. They didn’t have computers or our technology. The average person doesn’t keep up with the changes in medical knowledge or terminology over decades and genetic discoveries exploded. Medical views and their terms changed to fit the new facts. Non-scientists have passed on dated information, like people once claimed, “The earth is flat.” It was accepted fact at one time but now we know it’s not true.
By the time it was discovered that the mother’s antibodies were produced against a different antigen from the one discovered by Landsteiner and Weiner, the rhesus blood group terminology was widely used, especially in magazines and newspapers. It’s hard to backtrack when science walks out of medical journals and into local papers.
It wasn’t until the race for the vaccine began, some twenty years after the Landsteiner/Weiner blood test was discovered, that the average person even heard of Rhesus Factor. Therefore, instead of changing the name after twenty years, it was abbreviated to the Rh blood group. I don’t know this for sure, but I suspect the reason they didn’t want to change the name significantly is because RhoGAM began with the famed Rh spelling. They didn’t want to introduce confusion at a time of great celebration in the obstetrics world. http://www.rvdoon.com/rh-negative-blood-the-historical-perspective/
Landsteiner, in his own words, called the name “Rh” tentative. (1) He was well aware of the evolution corollary and wanted to avoid his blood test being connected to it for obvious reasons still in existance today. I hope the reader understands it could have been called X factor or KL factor just as easily as it was called Rh factor. Wiener had a “gift of words” and he understood that naming something gave it importance. In fact, the name was changed in 1982. (See Dictionary for explanation-LW) and their discovery Rh factor is now called LW after them. I will explain later that when non-scientific people use Rh factor, most are referring to the tests done by Landsteiner and Wiener because of the rhesus monkey, but doctors are referring to a another blood system that absolutely does not have one thing in common with a rhesus monkey! This is another reason you’re confused. I will explain why in the next article: Blood Feud. I think it’s clear that Landsteiner considered changing the name Rh factor because the monkey connection was misleading, but died before doing so. But please note even he called it rabbit anti-rhesus sera in his annual report. For the record, I hope I’ve changed some minds about the so-called proof that Rhd blood types have nothing in common with monkeys. Wiener proved 78 years ago, that humans shared M antigens with monkeys. Both RhD and Rhd. Owen states clearly that both RhD and Rhd tested positive using the guinea pig antibody test described above. (R.V. Doon)
Finally, scientists report that no matter how potent they make the dose human antibodies from all blood types do not clump Rhesus monkey cells.(2) I think it’s time to put the monkey business myths to bed, don’t you?
http://www.rvdoon.com/rh-negative-blood-monkey-blood-blue-blood-pure-blood-true-blood-or-ordinary-blood/
http://www.rvdoon.com/rh-negative-blood-blood-feud-which-scientist-discovered-the-rh-factor/
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Rh NULL
Rh null blood fascinated me from the get go after learning it existed. If anything, its presence reveals how capricious our DNA really is. Think about this. People with Rh negative blood can donate to people with RhD (positive blood within their blood type, but they can’t take, the same RhD blood. However, Rh null blood donors can donate to anyone with any Rh negative blood type (A-, B-, O-, AB-). Unfortunately, Rh null can only receive blood from people who are also Rh null.
There are many blood systems that are null besides Rh, and these people are why there is a place called the American Rare Blood Donor program. There are one or two European sites as well. The null blood is used in research and they serve as a contact site that doctors can contact when they have a patient in need of a blood donation. Yes, the null blood is shipped world wide if needed.
Remember null is rare; neg isn’t. Rh negative blood isn’t being tracked from the cradle to the grave, but Rh null is.
How were the people with Rh null blood discovered? The effort to purposefully find them would be futile and expensive. For the most part they got sick, and their blood was cross matched. Or they were traced by researchers because another relative was diagnosed.
What happens to the red blood cells for Rh null to occur? Antigens in the Rh blood group system is expressed by two proteins: RhD and RhCE. For them to work properly, they need another glycoprotein called RhAG. RhD, RhCE, and RhAG together with LW glycoprotein, IAP, C47, glycophorin B, and maybe Duffy protein to form a core complex in the red cell membrane. This core group then transports NH4/NH3 and CO2/O2 across the membrane. This means they support the normal spherical structure of the RBC so it can deliver energy to the body. In Rh null blood, the integrity of the red blood cell forms into stomacytes. Normal red cells are disc shaped and cells with Rh null blood look like a stoma or ‘open mouth.’ People with Rh null are often anemic because their red blood cells are fragile. Read this great article on Rh null blood in The Atlantic. Notice how the writer correctly identifies the Rh system formerly known as “Rhesus.” That was great to see. I’ll celebrate when the Rhesus tag is eliminated from the vocabulary. (R.V. Doon)
http://www.rvdoon.com/rare-blood-rh-null/
For the record and for all time, the same doctors that discovered the blood types and the RH Factor knew we shared blood characteristics with monkeys and apes. They went in search of them! Weiner alone has many articles covering this fact. He worked extensively with apes and monkeys. He purposely and with dedication sought out the shared similarities in his research.
I think one reason why everyone’s confused is because people absorbed the wrong information in their initial search. Answers are on-line but they’re spread out helter-skelter. As soon as you speak or write, “We (Rhd) don’t have monkey blood proteins in us, we have pure blood.” The doctor, geneticist, etc knows you’re missing basic facts, and they don’t think the truth will “sit” well with you. So to avoid conflict, they dodge questions. They don’t owe you an answer when clearly you’ve formed an off the wall opinion.
Here’s the truth and all you need to know if you want to stop reading – In the beginning: In error, the paternal antigen (Rh+) was named the Rhesus factor. If you’re still confused read the historical story I’m presenting, and I think your confusion will clear if you keep an open mind.
Let me explain. This error wasn’t done on purpose. The Landsteiner teams found 6 antigens and now there are around 57. The Rh system is complicated; it was then and it remains complex today. They didn’t have computers or our technology. The average person doesn’t keep up with the changes in medical knowledge or terminology over decades and genetic discoveries exploded. Medical views and their terms changed to fit the new facts. Non-scientists have passed on dated information, like people once claimed, “The earth is flat.” It was accepted fact at one time but now we know it’s not true.
By the time it was discovered that the mother’s antibodies were produced against a different antigen from the one discovered by Landsteiner and Weiner, the rhesus blood group terminology was widely used, especially in magazines and newspapers. It’s hard to backtrack when science walks out of medical journals and into local papers.
It wasn’t until the race for the vaccine began, some twenty years after the Landsteiner/Weiner blood test was discovered, that the average person even heard of Rhesus Factor. Therefore, instead of changing the name after twenty years, it was abbreviated to the Rh blood group. I don’t know this for sure, but I suspect the reason they didn’t want to change the name significantly is because RhoGAM began with the famed Rh spelling. They didn’t want to introduce confusion at a time of great celebration in the obstetrics world. http://www.rvdoon.com/rh-negative-blood-the-historical-perspective/
Landsteiner, in his own words, called the name “Rh” tentative. (1) He was well aware of the evolution corollary and wanted to avoid his blood test being connected to it for obvious reasons still in existance today. I hope the reader understands it could have been called X factor or KL factor just as easily as it was called Rh factor. Wiener had a “gift of words” and he understood that naming something gave it importance. In fact, the name was changed in 1982. (See Dictionary for explanation-LW) and their discovery Rh factor is now called LW after them. I will explain later that when non-scientific people use Rh factor, most are referring to the tests done by Landsteiner and Wiener because of the rhesus monkey, but doctors are referring to a another blood system that absolutely does not have one thing in common with a rhesus monkey! This is another reason you’re confused. I will explain why in the next article: Blood Feud. I think it’s clear that Landsteiner considered changing the name Rh factor because the monkey connection was misleading, but died before doing so. But please note even he called it rabbit anti-rhesus sera in his annual report. For the record, I hope I’ve changed some minds about the so-called proof that Rhd blood types have nothing in common with monkeys. Wiener proved 78 years ago, that humans shared M antigens with monkeys. Both RhD and Rhd. Owen states clearly that both RhD and Rhd tested positive using the guinea pig antibody test described above. (R.V. Doon)
Finally, scientists report that no matter how potent they make the dose human antibodies from all blood types do not clump Rhesus monkey cells.(2) I think it’s time to put the monkey business myths to bed, don’t you?
http://www.rvdoon.com/rh-negative-blood-monkey-blood-blue-blood-pure-blood-true-blood-or-ordinary-blood/
http://www.rvdoon.com/rh-negative-blood-blood-feud-which-scientist-discovered-the-rh-factor/
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Rh NULL
Rh null blood fascinated me from the get go after learning it existed. If anything, its presence reveals how capricious our DNA really is. Think about this. People with Rh negative blood can donate to people with RhD (positive blood within their blood type, but they can’t take, the same RhD blood. However, Rh null blood donors can donate to anyone with any Rh negative blood type (A-, B-, O-, AB-). Unfortunately, Rh null can only receive blood from people who are also Rh null.
There are many blood systems that are null besides Rh, and these people are why there is a place called the American Rare Blood Donor program. There are one or two European sites as well. The null blood is used in research and they serve as a contact site that doctors can contact when they have a patient in need of a blood donation. Yes, the null blood is shipped world wide if needed.
Remember null is rare; neg isn’t. Rh negative blood isn’t being tracked from the cradle to the grave, but Rh null is.
How were the people with Rh null blood discovered? The effort to purposefully find them would be futile and expensive. For the most part they got sick, and their blood was cross matched. Or they were traced by researchers because another relative was diagnosed.
What happens to the red blood cells for Rh null to occur? Antigens in the Rh blood group system is expressed by two proteins: RhD and RhCE. For them to work properly, they need another glycoprotein called RhAG. RhD, RhCE, and RhAG together with LW glycoprotein, IAP, C47, glycophorin B, and maybe Duffy protein to form a core complex in the red cell membrane. This core group then transports NH4/NH3 and CO2/O2 across the membrane. This means they support the normal spherical structure of the RBC so it can deliver energy to the body. In Rh null blood, the integrity of the red blood cell forms into stomacytes. Normal red cells are disc shaped and cells with Rh null blood look like a stoma or ‘open mouth.’ People with Rh null are often anemic because their red blood cells are fragile. Read this great article on Rh null blood in The Atlantic. Notice how the writer correctly identifies the Rh system formerly known as “Rhesus.” That was great to see. I’ll celebrate when the Rhesus tag is eliminated from the vocabulary. (R.V. Doon)
http://www.rvdoon.com/rare-blood-rh-null/
Journal of Molecular Evolution November 1999, Volume 49, Issue 5, pp 615-626
Evolution of Rh Blood Group Genes Have Experienced Gene Conversions and Positive Selection
Abstract. There are two tightly linked loci (D and CE) for the human Rh blood group. Their gene products are membrane proteins having 12 transmembrane domains and form a complex with Rh50 glycoprotein on erythrocytes. We constructed phylogenetic networks of human and nonhuman primate Rh genes, and the network patterns suggested the occurrences of gene conversions. We therefore used a modified site-by-site reconstruction method by using two assumed gene trees and detected 9 or 11 converted regions. After eliminating the effect of gene conversions, we estimated numbers of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions for each branch of both trees. Whichever gene tree we selected the branch connecting hominoids and Old World monkeys showed significantly higher nonsynonymous than synonymous substitutions, an indication of positive selection. Many other branches also showed higher nonsynonymous than synonymous substitutions; this suggests that the Rh genes have experienced some kind of positive selection.
Key words: Rh blood group — gene conversion — positive selection Received: 16 March 1999 / Accepted: 17 June 1999
Evolution of Rh Blood Group Genes Have Experienced Gene Conversions and Positive Selection
- Takashi Kitano
- , Naruya Saitou
- http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FPL00006583
Abstract. There are two tightly linked loci (D and CE) for the human Rh blood group. Their gene products are membrane proteins having 12 transmembrane domains and form a complex with Rh50 glycoprotein on erythrocytes. We constructed phylogenetic networks of human and nonhuman primate Rh genes, and the network patterns suggested the occurrences of gene conversions. We therefore used a modified site-by-site reconstruction method by using two assumed gene trees and detected 9 or 11 converted regions. After eliminating the effect of gene conversions, we estimated numbers of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions for each branch of both trees. Whichever gene tree we selected the branch connecting hominoids and Old World monkeys showed significantly higher nonsynonymous than synonymous substitutions, an indication of positive selection. Many other branches also showed higher nonsynonymous than synonymous substitutions; this suggests that the Rh genes have experienced some kind of positive selection.
Key words: Rh blood group — gene conversion — positive selection Received: 16 March 1999 / Accepted: 17 June 1999
RH in Gorillas & Chimps
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02338799#page-2
Human DNA is 98% identical to the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee.Therefore the absence of Antigen D is not going to make the slightest difference in proving that one is not related to the Gorilla in comparison to others who share the commonality of Antigen D with the Gorilla.
MYTH: Rh Positive people evolved from Simians because it is proven that they are related to the Rhesus Monkey, while Rh Negative people are non-evolutionary beings. FALSE
Science has not proven that Rh Positive individuals are anymore or less related to the Rhesus Monkey or any other type of Simian than those with Rh Negative Blood. Rh Positive Blood simply means that your body is normal and healthy in regards to its ability to produce Antigen D,while those with Rh Negative Blood suffer from a mutation and genetical defect which results in the dysfunction of RHD Genes. Yes the Rhesus Monkey also produces Antigen D which is one of many commonalities that are shared by Primates of all sorts. Humans have tongues and Monkeys have tongues. Can you imagine a person born with a birth defect which resulted in this individual not having a tongue. claiming that he has less in common with Simians because of this defect, while at the same time accusing humans born with tongues as being related to the Monkey because of this shared commonality.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02338799#page-2
Human DNA is 98% identical to the Gorilla and the Chimpanzee.Therefore the absence of Antigen D is not going to make the slightest difference in proving that one is not related to the Gorilla in comparison to others who share the commonality of Antigen D with the Gorilla.
MYTH: Rh Positive people evolved from Simians because it is proven that they are related to the Rhesus Monkey, while Rh Negative people are non-evolutionary beings. FALSE
Science has not proven that Rh Positive individuals are anymore or less related to the Rhesus Monkey or any other type of Simian than those with Rh Negative Blood. Rh Positive Blood simply means that your body is normal and healthy in regards to its ability to produce Antigen D,while those with Rh Negative Blood suffer from a mutation and genetical defect which results in the dysfunction of RHD Genes. Yes the Rhesus Monkey also produces Antigen D which is one of many commonalities that are shared by Primates of all sorts. Humans have tongues and Monkeys have tongues. Can you imagine a person born with a birth defect which resulted in this individual not having a tongue. claiming that he has less in common with Simians because of this defect, while at the same time accusing humans born with tongues as being related to the Monkey because of this shared commonality.
Cosmic rays reveal event in Earth's magnetic field history
Nov 29, 2012
41 000 years ago, the Earth's magnetic field faded and practically disappeared, leaving our planet unprotected from the bombardment of cosmic rays. Evidence for this event has been found in ocean sediment cores by a team from the Centre de Recherche et d'Enseignement de Géosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE, CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université/IRD/Collège de France). In the cores, the researchers measured variations in concentrations of beryllium-10, a radioactive isotope produced by the action of cosmic rays on oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere. The work, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, is an important step towards developing a new method for studying the history of Earth's magnetic field, which should shed light on why its strength has been declining over the past three thousand years.
The Earth's magnetic field forms an efficient shield that deflects charged particles of cosmic origin headed for Earth. Far from being constant, the magnetic field has undergone many reversals, with the North magnetic pole shifting to the South geographic pole. Such reversals are always accompanied by a disappearance of the magnetic field. The last such reversal took place 780 000 years ago. The magnetic field can also undergo excursions, periods when the field suddenly drops as if it was going to reverse, before recovering its normal polarity. The most recent event of this kind, known as the Laschamp excursion, took place 41 000 years ago.
Evidence for the event was uncovered by the researchers in sediment cores collected off the coasts of Portugal and Papua New Guinea. In the samples, they found an excess of beryllium-10, an isotope produced solely by collisions between particles of cosmic origin and atoms of nitrogen and oxygen. The beryllium-10 (10Be) produced in the atmosphere then falls to the Earth's surface where it is incorporated into ice and sediments. In sedimentary beds dating from the age of the Laschamp excursion, the researchers found up to twice as much 10Be as normal, evidence of the intense cosmic ray bombardment that the Earth underwent for several thousand years.
Traditionally, the presence of various iron oxides, especially magnetite, in volcanic lavas, sediments and ancient pottery provides information on the history of the magnetic field by indicating its direction and strength at the time when these materials solidified. This so-called paleomagnetic approach does not always allow global variations in the magnetic field to be quantified accurately. The researchers combined this method with the measurement of beryllium-10 concentrations in the same sedimentary records. This enabled them to demonstrate that peak concentrations of this isotope are synchronous and have the same dynamics and amplitude in Atlantic and Pacific sediments as in the previously analyzed Greenland ice cores. The method based on beryllium-10, which has been developed over the past 10 years at CEREGE, therefore makes it possible to obtain a continuous reconstruction of variations in the strength of the Earth's global magnetic field.
It is also known that over the past 3000 years the magnetic field has lost 30% of its strength. This trend suggests that in the coming centuries, the Earth might undergo an excursion similar to the one that took place 41 000 years ago. Since high energy cosmic rays can cause mutations and cell damage, such an event would have a significant impact on biodiversity, and in particular on humans. This is why the researchers are seeking to find out the precise rates of the magnetic field's reversal and excursion sequences, in order to identify potential regularities in its behavior and thus shed light on the cause of these phenomena, which originate in the Earth's core. This is the objective of the MAGORB project, launched in 2009, funded by the French National Research Agency ANR and run by CEREGE, the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP) and the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE, CNRS/CEA/UVSQ).
Physicist Richard Firestone proposes in his book "The Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophes" that:
Quote from: Firestone
Our early ancestors had only type O blood. Around 40KYA mutations likely occurred creating blood types A and B. Types A and B blood are from dominant genes, so they spread through the population and became more common.
DNA evidence suggests that B type blood probably originated in Central Asia or Africa, where the percentage is uniformly highest. Because the percentage is still very low in Australia and the Americas, it seems unlikely that it originated in either of those two places. Some geneticists conclude that type B is the youngest blood type, which appeared no earlier than 15KYA and later than 45KYA, and if so, this distribution seems inconsistent with early Americans originating in Asia and traveling across the Bering land bridge. If they had done so, there would be a lot more type B in the Americas.
For type A blood, the picture is more complicated, with apparent origins in Europe, Canada, and Australia. Again, there is little evidence that type A spread from Asia to the Americas. Instead, paradoxically, it appears to have arrived in the Americas from Europe long before Columbus did.
Nov 29, 2012
41 000 years ago, the Earth's magnetic field faded and practically disappeared, leaving our planet unprotected from the bombardment of cosmic rays. Evidence for this event has been found in ocean sediment cores by a team from the Centre de Recherche et d'Enseignement de Géosciences de l'Environnement (CEREGE, CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université/IRD/Collège de France). In the cores, the researchers measured variations in concentrations of beryllium-10, a radioactive isotope produced by the action of cosmic rays on oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere. The work, published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, is an important step towards developing a new method for studying the history of Earth's magnetic field, which should shed light on why its strength has been declining over the past three thousand years.
The Earth's magnetic field forms an efficient shield that deflects charged particles of cosmic origin headed for Earth. Far from being constant, the magnetic field has undergone many reversals, with the North magnetic pole shifting to the South geographic pole. Such reversals are always accompanied by a disappearance of the magnetic field. The last such reversal took place 780 000 years ago. The magnetic field can also undergo excursions, periods when the field suddenly drops as if it was going to reverse, before recovering its normal polarity. The most recent event of this kind, known as the Laschamp excursion, took place 41 000 years ago.
Evidence for the event was uncovered by the researchers in sediment cores collected off the coasts of Portugal and Papua New Guinea. In the samples, they found an excess of beryllium-10, an isotope produced solely by collisions between particles of cosmic origin and atoms of nitrogen and oxygen. The beryllium-10 (10Be) produced in the atmosphere then falls to the Earth's surface where it is incorporated into ice and sediments. In sedimentary beds dating from the age of the Laschamp excursion, the researchers found up to twice as much 10Be as normal, evidence of the intense cosmic ray bombardment that the Earth underwent for several thousand years.
Traditionally, the presence of various iron oxides, especially magnetite, in volcanic lavas, sediments and ancient pottery provides information on the history of the magnetic field by indicating its direction and strength at the time when these materials solidified. This so-called paleomagnetic approach does not always allow global variations in the magnetic field to be quantified accurately. The researchers combined this method with the measurement of beryllium-10 concentrations in the same sedimentary records. This enabled them to demonstrate that peak concentrations of this isotope are synchronous and have the same dynamics and amplitude in Atlantic and Pacific sediments as in the previously analyzed Greenland ice cores. The method based on beryllium-10, which has been developed over the past 10 years at CEREGE, therefore makes it possible to obtain a continuous reconstruction of variations in the strength of the Earth's global magnetic field.
It is also known that over the past 3000 years the magnetic field has lost 30% of its strength. This trend suggests that in the coming centuries, the Earth might undergo an excursion similar to the one that took place 41 000 years ago. Since high energy cosmic rays can cause mutations and cell damage, such an event would have a significant impact on biodiversity, and in particular on humans. This is why the researchers are seeking to find out the precise rates of the magnetic field's reversal and excursion sequences, in order to identify potential regularities in its behavior and thus shed light on the cause of these phenomena, which originate in the Earth's core. This is the objective of the MAGORB project, launched in 2009, funded by the French National Research Agency ANR and run by CEREGE, the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP) and the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE, CNRS/CEA/UVSQ).
Physicist Richard Firestone proposes in his book "The Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophes" that:
Quote from: Firestone
Our early ancestors had only type O blood. Around 40KYA mutations likely occurred creating blood types A and B. Types A and B blood are from dominant genes, so they spread through the population and became more common.
DNA evidence suggests that B type blood probably originated in Central Asia or Africa, where the percentage is uniformly highest. Because the percentage is still very low in Australia and the Americas, it seems unlikely that it originated in either of those two places. Some geneticists conclude that type B is the youngest blood type, which appeared no earlier than 15KYA and later than 45KYA, and if so, this distribution seems inconsistent with early Americans originating in Asia and traveling across the Bering land bridge. If they had done so, there would be a lot more type B in the Americas.
For type A blood, the picture is more complicated, with apparent origins in Europe, Canada, and Australia. Again, there is little evidence that type A spread from Asia to the Americas. Instead, paradoxically, it appears to have arrived in the Americas from Europe long before Columbus did.
Before anyone leaps to meme-like conclusions about 'Reptilians', Anunnaki, Pharaohs, Merovingians, Templars, Gnostics, Illuminati, Pendragons, Desposyni, Cathars, Vikings, ancient aliens, holy blood, grail lines, Davidic descent, god-kings, or "Luciferian consciousness", they might do well to find out if they themselves carry such remnants in their own genes. They may be strangling in their own roots.
This author has traced her own bloodline back to Sumeria, and is an Advisor to DNA Decipher Journal, so speaks from some experience. Genealogy has become the world's biggest hobby, second only to the subject of sex online. The Underground Stream has spawned many underground scenes. Prior to the internet, our inherited connections were the global web of the genetic matrix, concealing many secrets of deep history and psychically linking us to one another.
Like most things, the widely-misunderstood Bloodline "conspiracy" looks different from inside its own culture than it does from outside. Those actively pursuing their own royal genealogies or involved in the numerous organizations, heritage groups, and scenes surrounding its lore often hold radically different viewpoints on the subject than articles generated and endlessly recycled online.
Those involved tend to be fascinated with certain eras, issues, or philosophies -- with magical personas, illustrious or nefarious ancestors, or alternative lifestyles. Some are metaphysical or spiritual, and others deeply religious; most are idiosyncratic, finding meanings only they value. The other side is profoundly skeptical, antagonistic or political, considering the bloodline pathologically malignant and controlling -- a nonhuman cabal of evil intent. Clearly, it means many things to many people.
Those who disbelieve the Grail paradigm might be surprised when it turns up in their family history. That is the best and perhaps only way to truly grasp its deeper meaning -- from the inside out. You can read the history of the world in your own genealogical lines, in the lives of your gr-grandparents. It usually only takes finding 4-5 generations to plug into the World Tree.
Exploiting the Gullible
Most people with any interest in the bloodline are invested in some theory -- perhaps, in ancient alien hybridization scenarios, the Sumerian story ala Sitchin. Political viewpoints range from monarchist to anarchist ideas about ruling elites, who have a stranglehold on social control and the bloodline.
David Icke was foremost in promoting his theory that the elite are shape-shifting Reptilians. He went so far as to accuse his ex-wife of being the same during their divorce. He brings a level of hysteria to the subject that has earned him big money. Salacious stories tend to sell. But it is just another means of demonization and projection. You have to look at the effects, not the content of the tale. Human oppression doesn't need aliens to exist.
It doesn't absolve sociopathic behavior by governments or leaders, but this may be the 'pot calling the kettle black' while exploiting the public itself. If Icke really cared about humanity, would he be charging for his so-called wisdom? But that is what charismatic tricksters do. So, who is the shape-shifter, here? Is it not the duplicitous teller of tales? Linking aliens, UFOs, and gov-crime conveniently expands the potential audience. Ironically, such appeals probably ignite their own reptilian brainstem and primal fears. The audience stares at him like deer in headlights.
But all these views about the bloodline miss the point, which is experiential and may first appear as a "calling" or mission. Having an opinion is emotional and cognitive. But diving into your history is deeply connective -- integrative.
Chances are, due to the mythic and emotional appeal of such arguments and factions, no rational facts will disuade anyone. They don't want to hear contrary evidence because they are highly invested in their own identities and certain narratives through such beliefs, right or wrong. Those who are ego invested have an even higher stake in being somehow 'special'.
It's All Relative
All of humanity is related many times over. Ancestors are those people you directly descend from, not extended family members. An ancestor or forebear is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i.e., a grandparent, great-grandparent, great-great-grandparent, and so forth). Ancestor is "any person from whom one is descended".
Direct-line research refers to genealogy focused on one's direct-line ancestors. However, as people are separated by more generations, their genetic relatedness plummets, exponentially. You share half of each parents' genes, one-fourth of your four grandparents, an eighth of eight greatgrandparents; a sixteenth of sixteen great-great-grandparents; and so on.
With twenty-five years per generation, you had around three billion ancestors at the signing of the Magna Carta, one hundred billion during the Norman invasion, two quintillion when the Roman Empire fell, and around 1,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 at the birth of Jesus. Earth did not contain a fraction of that population then.
Collateral line is a term used to describe family relationships not in the direct line of descent such as siblings, spouses and children of siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. Statistically all of us are descended from everyone. Allowing 25 years per generation, in the 62 generations since 450AD, we have had 4.6 x 1016 direct ancestors -- more people than have ever existed. So we must be related to everyone on earth many times over.
After only a few generations any personal genealogy links to that of the World Tree, which has been long established. This mirrors the process of our personal unconscious embedded in the deeper collective unconscious. Knowing your genealogy brings that invisible information into the conscious world. Sometimes that knowledge is shocking, destabilizing, or permanently alters once's sense of self. There is something to knowing exactly who you are and where you come from, relatively speaking.
Later monarchs are descended many times over from earlier ones. Research suggests that everyone in the West is descended from Charlemagne, c. 800 AD. Quite likely the entire world is descended from the Ancient Egyptian royal house, c. 1600 BC. As is almost everyone in the world from Confucius, c. 500 BC. and Genghis Khan. These findings do not necessarily have any implications for our DNA. Anthropologists claim everyone on earth is a 40th cousin. Any two people can find at least 1 common ancestor since about 800 AD.
To descend from someone does not mean you necessarily inherit any DNA from them. Probably sixty percent or more Americans are descended from kings. These findings do not conflict with the idea that most or all of your DNA is inherited from your local area. Even if you do descend from the Pharaohs, that does not mean this can be detected in your DNA. In fact, there may be no evidence at all of these findings in humanity's DNA. And yet the findings can still be true.
Game of Thrones
The Da Vinci Code made much of the so-called Roseline marking sacred sites in the European landscape. But the real Rose Lines are revealed in the royal genealogies with which it is interwoven. The Grail is the source of life, of generativity.
To transcend our small selves we need bigger stories. The deep context of our global heritage is it -- a mythic perspective suited to our age, culture, and sensibilities. Symbols are the currency of consciousness and the highest symbol and value is the Grail. It carries different meaning for each individual in their quest for self-knowledge.
Conspiracy fans project either their fascination or animosity for the Bloodline meme onto individuals and groups. Those accused have more in common with their accusors than some actual other self-segregated or self-selected group. The psyche tends to fill in the blanks in our conscious understanding with imaginal and mythic material that is at best symbolic or metaphorical, not literal.
There is no shortage of claimants to reincarnations of the famous, or being Mary Magdalene, Jesus, the Antichrist, the Men Who Would Be King, or various archetypal characters. Others bury themselves in pilgrimages, deciphering hidden codes or endlessly searching for treasure or relics, even bodies. All the symbolism of the unconscious can mobilize in a fugue, overwhelming the ego. Different memes (popular disinformation; viral ideas) capture our attention, sometimes to the point of obsession.
Nevertheless, the number of gullible followers increases because people often prefer a fairtytale to a more pragmatic truth, or statistical data. The appeal of such unsubstantiated or daisy-chained allegations is largely emotional. Many seek only corroborating evidence while ignoring basic research which shows different results, preferring misconceptions and self-delusion.
Those motivated by conspiratorial politics make a big deal out of the fact that most Presidential candidates can be traced to related families, failing to realize that millions of others with Colonial or Revolutionary families have the same heritage. If it's a "plot" it involves an enormous amount of tertiary people who carry the bloodline with or without any knowledge that is so. Some of them will naturally be those who look with suspicion upon the deeper relationships originating in the Middle Ages.
Tired Memes
There are many tired memes that are repeated over and over again, as if that makes them more valid. They cluster around wild tales of the Anunnaki and other ancient aliens, Rh- blood, and allegations of racial difference or superiority, etc. Most such notions originate with those unfamiliar with genealogy, their own descent, or the basics of biology.
Our early ancestors had only type O blood. Around 40KYA mutations likely occurred creating A and B blood types. Types A and B blood are from dominant genes, so they spread through the population and became more common. Genetic mapping shows a mutation from Rh positive to Rh negative occurred in the Basque area of Europe around 40,000 years ago.
Those mutations likely occurred creating blood types A and B. What could cause such mutations? In the Laschamp event, Earth's magnetic shield went down, exposing humanity to unusual amounts of cosmic radiation.
The Laschamp event was a short reversal of the Earth's magnetic field. It occurred 41,000 years ago during the last ice age and was first recognised, in the late 1960s, as a geomagnetic reversal recorded in the Laschamp lava flows in the Clermont-Ferrand district of France. The magnetic excursion has since been demonstrated in geologcial archives from many parts of the world. The period of reversed magnetic field was 440 years, with the transition from the normal field lasting 250 years. The reversed field was 75% weaker whereas the strength dropped to only 5% of the current strength during the transition. This resulted in greater radiation reaching the Earth, causing greater production of beryllium 10. Higher levels of carbon 14 would also have been produced during the low field times (Wikipedia).
Humans made a quantum leap into the savanna of East Africa roughly 45,000 years ago.
Some 41,000 years ago, a complete and rapid reversal of the geomagnetic field occurred that correlates with this period. During the last ice age, a compass at the Black Sea would have pointed to the south instead of north. This brief polarity change lasted only 250 years. As a consequence, Earth nearly completely lost its magnetosphere protection against hard cosmic rays, leading to significantly increased radiation exposure.
Genes mutate all the time. Mutations can be useful, harmful or neutral in their effects. In large populations, even helpful mutations tend to get “swamped” by non-mutant genes and vanish over time. Often they simply turn a gene off.
DNA records the existence, sometime between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago, of a small group of people who are the ancestors of every person alive today. Our DNA is like a history encyclopedia. It tells us the stories of our forebearers from the first human who walked on the earth to YOU.
Different DNA regions can tell us whether our ancestors interbred with Neanderthals, while other regions tell us about the path our ancestors took out of Africa. It all depends on what you want to know and your ability to interpret the genetic code. No scientific definitions for genetic ethnicity are universally accepted.
The best way to determine the genetic relationships among people is to compare the sequences of the nucleotides in their DNA. Even with both a pedigree and genetic genealogy tests, the results require interpretation. Different members of the same family can embody and display different features. Saxons, Gauls, Picts, Franks, Iberians, and Celts merge in the melting pot.
University of Arizona geneticists discovered that the oldest known genetic branch of the human Y chromosome (300,000 years) is the hereditary factor determining male sex. So far, there is no exclusive nor conclusive DNA signature for the Grail lineage, and there are gaps in the legends, the histories, and the pedigrees which require interpretation, if not leaps of imagination. This is as true for those of unbroken dynastic Houses as it is for those of mixed blood.
Unlike the other human chromosomes, the majority of the Y chromosome does not exchange genetic material with other chromosomes, which makes it simpler to trace ancestral relationships among contemporary lineages. Two Y chromosomes carry the same mutation if they share a common paternal ancestor at some point in the past. The more mutations that differ between two Y chromosomes the farther back in time the common ancestor lived.
The latest research cautions against popular concepts of "mitochondrial Eve" or "Y chromosome Adam" that suggest all of humankind descended from exactly one pair of humans that lived at a certain point in human evolution. Results suggest that there are pockets of genetically isolated communities that collectively preserve a great deal of human diversity.
It has just been discovered that Native Americans have 13%-38% percent of the genome tracing back to western Eurasia. The ancestors of Native Americans split off from those of east Asians, they moved north. Somewhere in Siberia, they met another group of people coming east from western Eurasia. The two groups mingled, and their descendants eventually traveled east into North America. (Young)
Mitochondrial DNA is passed only through the female line. Mitochondria is a living organism, a separate life form from ourselves. They are dependent on us for life; we live in a symbiotic relationship. Mitochondrial DNA can live 15 generations. 15 generations of living mitochondria live inside you. Your 15 generation grandparents' living cells are in you. A mutant mtDNA will drift to fixation in a human matriline in 15 generations.
Most British ancestors arrived as hunter-gatherers, between 15,000 and 7,500 years ago. But it is rather silly to say that, “Our ancestors were Basques, not Celts". They are not lineage groups. They are ethnic groups that developed within the last 2,000 or 3,000 years. Basque STRs (genetic markers used to identify a DNA sequence) reveal 21 founding clusters, which could only have arrived direct from the Basque country. Their descendant twigs are unique to the British Isles.
Grail houses can have different Y haplogroups (paternal) as well as different mtDNA (maternal) signatures. While the “red gene” is significant, it may or may not distinguish noble ancestors. Typical medical problems of a line will not all present in one individual.
Neanderthals also had red hair, but studies show the mutation responsible for this differs from that which causes red hair in modern humans. Genetic drift simply favored the fair skinned who could absorb more Vitamin D in less-sunny northern climes. It helps in heat retention.
Natural selection is influenced primarily by two factors: the amount of genetic variation for a trait and the strength of selection on that trait. There is a genetic coupling of correlated traits.
Selection acting on one trait can cause expression in any correlated trait. Over longer periods natural selection structure will be determined by some combination of mutation, genetic drift, and migration. There can be substantial variation, with causes as ephemeral as famine and cosmic rays. The resulting traits are described as the "G-matrix".
We shouldn't underestimate the potential role of drift in explaining divergence among populations. Genetic studies show, inbreeding appears to generate more divergence in the details of the genetic architecture and distribution of changes.
Research shows that inbreeding changes the shape of the genetic covariance matrix. Such inbreeding is one of the primary characteristics of ancient lines, some of which historically included brother-sister marriage for conserving sovereignty, wealth and social control in the same families.
Mutation and genetic drift are known to change the amount of genetic variation for a trait. For example, genetics has demonstrated that all light-eyed people descend from a single individual with a specific mutation. Any given line can be quite different.
Divine Pride
Discovering old royal lines, many leap to royal ego trips, declaring themselves princes of their imaginal realms, seeking spurious titles. Other fancy themselves channels of ancient ancestors such as Mary Magdalene or even Jesus. While such identifications have always been popular, again based on emotional appeal and lack of critical thinking, they may be no more than 'misguided inner authority'.
The unconscious psyche can produce great wisdom; it can also churn out endless rubbish or Trickster distortions. Ego inflation is an over-expansion of the personality through identification with an archetype or, in pathological cases, with a historical or religious figure, which exceeds individual limitations.
Furthermore, no credible experts in DNA have come forward with idiosyncratic ideas that support the inflated memes about genes that paper many sites, which wallow in their own infallibility and self-assurance. Epigenetics has shown that the environment exerts a life-altering patterning effect on us as much or more than genetics. You get the genealogy you deserve.
Mystification abounds among those who don't know the basics of genetics or genealogy, and are persuaded by oft-repeated tales told with great enthusiasm and gravity, as if that makes them more reliable. The main virtue of such allegations is that they are unprovable one way or the other, making them ideal material for psychological projection, usually resulting in either inflation or paranoia about so-called 'elitists', or other such buzzwords for scapegoated groups.
At about 360 years, or just short of 15 generations an individual living today would carry only three thousands of 1% (00.003052%) of the DNA of an ancestor who was “pure” anything 15 generations ago. So even if one ancestor was indeed Mediterranean 15 generations ago, unless they continuously intermarried within a pure Mediterranean population, the amount would drop by 50% with each generation to the miniscule amount that would be found in today’s current generation. With today’s technology, this is simply untraceable in autosomal DNA. (Miller, Ancestral Memories)
Direct Ancestors
Life and consciousness are the ultimate emergent phenomena, but we still don't know their real origin, which remains veiled in Mystery. We are Cosmic psychophysical beings with a core reaching down into the microcosm of quantum dynamics and the still center of Zero-Point.
In the split second moment of conception, the two streams of genetic information from your parents, handed on from generation to generation over literally hundreds of millennia, combined in one single cell embodying your unique potential. It ensured that you became an unequaled living record of the lives and ways of your ancestors.
All of your ancient ancestors had one thing in common -- they were survivors who overcame daunting obstacles and hardships in their natural world. Your DNA is a legacy passed down to you from thousands of generations of fittest individuals. You have the best of their collective genes, all meticulously spelled out within the DNA of your genome. Within historical times, you have ancestors from whom you have no DNA.
Based on genome sequences, science now accepts the mixed heritage theory that modern humans interbred with other now-extinct species, including Neanderthal, Denisovian, and an unknown Asian species, possibly Homo heidelbergensis . It appears 30-50,000 years ago there were many hominid species, but only anatomically modern humans prevailed. But the relic biology of other hominids remains part of our genome. (Nature)
Your individual DNA fingerprint depends on how the chromosomes line up at conception. Some traits from both parents’ potentials will be there, while others get excluded. So, some siblings can be redheads, others not; some can have family medical problems, others not, some may be Rh neg., others not. Extensive historical knowledge of cultural practices and human migratory patterns helps us piece each story together. We may find things we never imagined and find no evidence for traits known within our lineage.
In genealogy the term "direct line" refers to a relationship of one person to another in a direct line. A direct-line ancestor is someone from whom you descend in a direct line, parent to child, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. Direct-line research refers to genealogy research focused on one's direct-line ancestors. Blood relations refer to the underground stream, the Red River of Memories that flows within us. The Blood is real and it's fresh; it flows in your veins.
By contrast, collateral line is a term used to describe family relationships not in the direct line of descent such as siblings, spouses and children of siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. Researching direct-line ancestry is a common focus of genealogists and family history researchers. Proving a direct line of descent is generally required for membership in heritage societies. A mere seven generations back we have over 200 people in just our immediate, or father-mother, grandfather-grandmother line.
We are not just talking about the way you look, but about your ancestral memories, the complete set of instincts and response patterns that were responsible for the survival of those two genetic streams in the first place. The instincts and response patterns that you were actually born with are what Jung called the Collective Unconscious. Genealogy functions as a therapeutic portal, much like dreams or symptoms allow us to enter the imaginal dimension.
Epigenetics is the heritable changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence, rooted in our ancestors' experience.. Genes are expressed or silenced.
Genealogy is about Identity. It is an Art, a quest for the truth within. Harvesting the fruits of the Tree of Life mobilizes the soul for creative self-expression, self-discovery and self-healing. Much benefit and fulfillment comes simply by remembering, writing, tape-recording, sharing, painting, enacting or otherwise birthing them into the physical world.
Genealogy takes tremendous effort, like the Great Work. It affects the psyche with both historical and imaginal, known and unknown elements. It has its own magic, alchemy, and synchronicities. Some attempt to garner social status through their genealogies when other avenues elude them. Some in search of their identity wind up finding the Shadow.
Genealogy is about Identity. Some people who come to this practice use it to build a persona that becomes their main way of connecting in the world, an excessive commitment to a rather false image. Jung identified the persona as a social mask or psychological armor. Recovery, the aim of individuation, "is not only achieved by work on the inside figures but also, as conditio sine qua non, by a readaptation in outer life," according to Jung. We live in the present moment.
Genetics demonstrates that traits are not inherited preferentially from the ancestral matrix. While you may have a demonstrable royal line you inherit far more genetics from commoners who did not have their lines recorded. While it is true that the Y-haplotype is passed directly from father to son, generation after generation, we all also inherit the even more persistent mitochondrial DNA from our maternal ancestors, up to 400 generations, or so.
With mtDNA the surname changes each generation. Every once in a while a mutation -- a random, natural (and usually harmless) change -- occurs in the sequence of our mitochondrial DNA. Think of it as a spelling mistake. After one of these mutations occurs in a particular woman, she then passes it on to her daughters, and her daughters' daughters, and so on. Mothers also pass on their mitochondrial DNA to their sons, but the sons in turn do not pass it on. Geneticists use these markers from people all over the world to construct one giant mitochondrial family tree.
But even siblings may or may not inherit the slightest bit of any given ancestor or line. Thus, there is no single haplotype for the royal lines, nor any single identifying gene of that inheritance. Those with a royal genealogy may not have single "royal" gene in their genome, making any claims of extraordinary inheritance moot.
Your individual DNA fingerprint depends on how the chromosomes line up at conception. Some traits from both parents’ potentials will be there, while others get excluded. So, some siblings can be redheads, others not; some can have family medical problems, others not, some may be Rh neg., others not.
No one knows where the Rh-negative originates. Rhesus negative blood simply means that the blood doesn't have any Rhesus antigens on the surface of the red blood cells. Absence of a protein does not have to originate from anywhere.
The simplest explanation is that Rh-negative blood is a mutation on the first chromosome which rendered individuals incapable of producing functional Rhesus proteins. There are so few people with Rh-negative blood because it is a recessive trait. 5% of global population is currently Rh-Negative. But, they are 15% of the UK and USA. The Basque region is 50%. They descend from Paleolithic inhabitants of Western Europe prior to the arrival of farmers between 9,000 and 6,000 years ago.
Conceivably, only one sibling in a dozen might be Rh negative, descended from Rh positive parents. Even siblings get varied genetic packages and may not have genes from all the ethnicities or ancestors of their genealogical lines. There are different ethnic signatures. Some siblings might carry the signature of Native American ancestors; others not.
For example the Rh- blood type is a recessive gene, which may or may not express in a family. It could be ten or more generations since anyone has had Rh- blood in his family. But the RhD- version of the RhD gene is still there. To express both parents must carry the recessive gene.
Two parents who have O positive blood could easily have a child who is O negative. In fact, most children who are O negative have parents who are positive. Some or perhaps none of a couple's children may inherit the trait. So siblings can be mixed Rh- with other blood types that are dominant. It all depends on the selection of evolutionary forces and the gene-expression of epigenetics. Some people believe that O Negative blood is "pure" or "alien". Neither of these notions are true.
There’s a simple way of describing our genetic relatedness. Not only do all people have the same set of genes, but all groups of people also share the major variants of those genes. Geneticists have never found a genetic marker that is of one type in all the members of one large group and of a different type in all the members of another large group. That’s why ethnically targeted biological weapons would never work. Every group overlaps genetically with every other. We have cultural differences masquerading as race problems. (The Atlantic)
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/04/the-genetic-archaeology-of-race/2180/
There is no singular gene, mutation, allele, STR or SNP that tells the whole story. "single nucleotide polymorphisms" (SNPs, snips) make up about 90 percent of all genetic variation in the human genome. There are clusters of mutations that show deep relationship patterns of regional origin in some individuals. There is no DNA report that is 100% conclusive. They use the statistical mathematics of the educated guess.
Statistical and sampling flaws can lead to misinterpretations, based on too small of samplings and comparison studies. So, our own conclusions about our own DNA tests are, in part, interpretations of an interpretation. We can only draw inferences about the past based on the patterns observed in human DNA. And this is what keeps our quest alive.
Curated Lines
Most Europeans are descended largely from populations of farmers who started migrating out of the Middle East 9,000 years ago. As the sons and daughters of farming families left their parents’ farms and moved into new territory, they interbred with the existing hunter-gatherer populations, which produced gradients of genetic change radiating from the Middle East.
Only in mountainous areas unattractive to farmers—the Pyrenees homelands of the Basques, for example—were the genes of the indigenous peoples comparatively intact. Other historical events influenced the European gene pool. For example, a genetic trail leads from the area north of the Black and Caspian Seas into the rest of Europe. This trail links to the spread of the descendants of nomadic warriors and herders who first domesticated the horse, about 4,000 B.C.
Genetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship between individuals and archaic tribes. It provides evidence of ancient tribes and migrations, but none about the actual people in genealogical lines, much less their names or history.
Furthermore, both are highly subject to interpretation of the results. It is a truism that genealogy without proofs is relatively useless, and even those lines accepted as "best practice" in genealogy have gaps and presumptions that ultimately lead back to mythical progenitors. Any viable genealogy must be curated with citations and evidence at every stage to have reliable validity.
Once you have located what is known as a gateway ancestor, one who links your family to a known noble ancestry, the door opens upon a world of recorded and published pedigrees that can lead back to royalty.
For countless Americans, whether they know it or not, and countless others of European ancestry, these gateways provide a tangible personal link to the highly inbred medieval world, in the form of descents from medieval kings, queens, popes, crusaders, troubadours, heroes, villains, and saints. Sooner or later, a gateway is likely to turn up in any sufficiently "bushy" New England family tree.
The relative importance of a gateway ancestor, for research purposes, depends on (1) the amount of new and traceable ancestry a gateway brings into the target population, and (2) the number of descendants that gateway has, which insures a large interest base. Based on these two factors, early immigrants with traceable royal ancestry are the most talked about gateways, but not really out of any class-oriented prejudice. Among early immigrants from Europe to the Americas, individuals with noble connections are likely to be traceable to a vastly larger number of ancestors, and thus sustain more interest and offer more connections as ‘gateways’.
Only 86 to 600 gateway ancestors may sound like a small target to shoot for. But remember, your chances are mathematically better than you think. By going back to 1650 or so, you are exploring 12 generations (12 x 30 years per generation = 360 years). Barring intermarriage of cousins, there would be 4096 (2 to the 12th power) ancestors in your 12th generation, and there were only a few thousand Western people on the eastern shores of America in 1650. So the chances that one of yours is a gateway ancestor are pretty good.
Next, you should review the line from your gateway ancestor up to Charlemagne. Most of these ascents go through the English or French kings, such as Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Do the Math & Get Over It
Most Americans with sizable New England Yankee, mid-Atlantic Quaker, or Southern "planter" ancestry are descended from medieval royals -- kings of England, Scotland, and France especially. Following those lines back into the mists of pre-history we find direct links to all so-called racial divisions. Most of our ancestors will remain "invisible". This is the main reason people emphasize ancestral nobles.
The ancient royal lines include Asian Siberians and Han Chinese dynasties, sub-Saharan African, and Muslim lines among the direct ancestors. Some will have Turkish, Persian, and Indian lines. Ultimately, this means 'race' is an illusion, other than the human race. The math backs this up, indicating we are all related within perhaps 40 generations.
Once you have located what is known as a "gateway ancestor", one who links your family to a known noble ancestry, the door opens to a world of recorded and published pedigrees that can lead back to royalty. A “Gateway Ancestor” is your immigrant ancestor who has legitimate or illegitimate royal descent. He or she, then, is your American “gateway” to royalty. "Gateway Ancestors" are colonists or immigrants who came to America that are descended of royal blood.
So you find you come from royalty -- get over it. The Pyramid Theory, a doubling of ancestors each generation back, claims you have 2048 ancestors by the 12th generation in your past, and possibly 60,000 direct ancestors going back to the Crusades. By Generation #40, you have more than one trillion ancestors!
We are at the end of a long and winding genetic journey that continues after and through us. We are probably all connected by the 25th gr-grandparents, if you do the math. There is a great possibility that we are descendants (or are related) from almost everyone alive some seven hundred years ago. With our parents' generation as Nº 1, the number of persons is 33,554,432.
That number is the theoretical result of (x2) progression, since many of those ancestors are the same persons. The genealogical evidence shows that many of the families intermarried for generations, producing a rich genealogical heritage. By the 12th generation you have possibly 60,000 direct ancestors going back to the Crusades.
Yet, somehow a determined gen can survive intact through all those descendants and become a particle of memory that will give you a dejá vu once in a while. Ancestral memories may not be of actual events - it is not to be confused with the idea of past life or reincarnation - but of reactive response patterns and emotional states brought about by environment. The past has gone and the future has yet to come. All you ever have is the present.
Mixed Blood
Eleventh cousins share on average 60-parts-per-billion of DNA, or about 180bp (although with wide variation due to the spotty nature of meiotic recombination: in fact, 99.5% of 11th cousins will share no stretches of DNA through recent descent at all, while the remaining 0.5% will typically share tens of thousands of bases). Given that the average person harbours about 10 recessive diseases, this gives about a 1 in 1.6 million chance of offspring developing a royal disease due to a piece of DNA shared between them.
In fact, eleventh cousins is a pretty low degree of relatedness, by the standard of these things. A study of inbreeding in European populations found that couples from the UK are, on average, as genetically related as 6th cousins (the study looked at inbreeding in Scots, and in children of one Orkadian and one non-Orkadian). 6th cousins share about 0.006% of their DNA, and thus have about a 0.06% chance of developing a genetic disease via a common ancestor. http://www.genomesunzipped.org/2011/04/inbreeding-genetic-disease-and-the-royal-wedding.php
So how do we relate to those we perceive as kin? In the struggle between society and family, the exponential mathematics of kinship ordinarily works to the advantage of society. Anthropologist Nancy Thornhill who contends that the prohibitions against incestuous marriages in most societies are not public-health measures aimed at reducing birth defects but the society's way of fighting back against extended families.
Successful coalitions and charlatans also pose as "kin". Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker warns misperceived kinship makes people vulnerable to manipulation and cultish mind control:
When it comes to individual people, then, kinship is in the mind of the beholder. That creates
an opening through which manipulators can flood people's kinship sense with cues that mimic the signals of biological relatedness. This kind of mind control is a strong temptation to anyone who wants to foster cohesion among people who are not closely related. Contrary to a shibboleth of the American right, family values do not uphold religion and country;
they subvert them. An extended family is a rival coalition to any other group, held together not by an ideology or social contract or common purpose but by brute genetic relatedness. And it is a coalition with an unfair advantage: relatives care for one another more than comrades do. Religions and political movements thus have to undermine family loyalties. Marxist collectivization and Moonie programming are obvious recent examples, but millennia before them Jesus momentously declared, "A man's foes shall be they of his own household. He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me." (Pinker)
It isn't merely our noble genealogy that makes us who we are. After all, we share most of it with millions of people. What is unique is our personal reaction to such knowledge and how our relationship with it evolves as we assimilate and integrate that expanded awareness -- the Mystery of the whole matter.
We need To Know genealogy much like we need to know physics and psychology to comprehend what matter is, as well as what makes us matter. We have thousands of ancestors whose lines are not preserved, making the small slice of royal descent largely archetypal as well as material. The part stands for the Whole - the cosmic process of Big History.
http://www.thecontroversialfiles.net/2013/07/hitler-and-new-age-new-world-order.html REFERENCES
Anon, Evidence for a rapid reversal of the geomagnetic field 41,000 years ago October 29, 2013, http://www.iflscience.com/environment/evidence-rapid-reversal-geomagnetic-field-41000-years-ago#sthash.c3y8TkfN.dpuf
Banyan, Will, Paranoia Magazine, http://www.paranoiamagazine.com/2013/01/the-tangled-web-icke-weaves-who-is-behind-david-ickes-freedom-foundation/
Barras, Colin, The father of all men is 340,000 years old , March 2013, http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23240-the-father-of-all-men-is-340000-years-old.html?cmpid=RSS|NSNS|2012-GLOBAL|online-news
Bryner, Jeanna, One Common Ancestor Behind Blue Eyes, January 31, 2008,
http://www.livescience.com/9578-common-ancestor-blue-eyes.html
D'Adamo, Peter, lood groups and the history of peoples - Excerpted from the Complete Blood Type Encyclopedia, Penguin Putnam Inc, 2002, http://www.dadamo.com/science_anthro.htm
Miller, Iona, 2013, Jungian Genealogy, http://jungiangenealogy.weebly.com/
Miller, Iona, 2013, Sangreality Now, http://sangreality.weebly.com/index.html
News Staff, Disaster Trifecta 40,000 Years Ago: Climate Shifts, Geomagnetic Field Reversal And A Super Volcano, October 18th 2012, http://www.science20.com/profile/news_staff
Dr. Norbert Nowaczyk and Prof. Helge Arz, Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Oppenheimer, Stephen, “Myths of British ancestry”, October 2006 issue of Prospect, https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/mythsofbritishancestryrevisited/#.Uo1R5HcvY_M
Pinker, Steven, 2007, :Strangled by Roots",
http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/media/2007.06.08_thenewrepublic.pdf
The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/04/the-genetic-archaeology-of-race/2180/
Stolte, Daniel, "Human Y chromosome much older than previously thought", American Journal of Human Genetics, March 4, 2013 http://phys.org/news/2013-03-human-chromosome-older-previously-thought.html#jCp
Cosmic rays reveal event in Earth's magnetic field history, Nov 29, 2012 Journal of Geophysical Research
Yong, Ed, Americas’ natives have European roots The oldest known genome of a modern human solves long-standing puzzles about the New World's genetic heritage, Nature, 20 November 2013 http://www.nature.com/news/americas-natives-have-european-roots-1.14213
Why Rh Negative is not Blood of Gods or of Alien Origin? http://www.hitxp.com/articles/science-technology/rh-negative-blood-group-alien-origin/
http://lawpunditblog.blogspot.com/2006/08/environment-and-laws-of-genetics-rh.htm
http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/nov/25/mapping-redheads-which-country-has-the-most
My deadly genetic disease was just a bug
bad diagnosis/bad genetics: http://io9.com/this-is-an-area-of-science.../@AnnaleeNewitz
Callaway, Ewan, Mystery humans spiced up ancients’ sex lives Genome analysis suggests there was interbreeding between modern humans, Neanderthals, Denisovans and an unknown archaic population, [maybe Homo Naledi] Nature magazine, 19 November 2013
http://www.nature.com/news/mystery-humans-spiced-up-ancients-sex-lives-1.14196
Updated genome sequences from two extinct relatives of modern humans suggest that these ‘archaic’ groups bred with humans and with each other more extensively than was previously known. The ancient genomes, one from a Neanderthal and one from a member of an archaic human group called the Denisovans, were presented on 18 November at a meeting on ancient DNA at the Royal Society in London. The results suggest that interbreeding went on between the members of several ancient human-like groups in Europe and Asia more than 30,000 years ago, including an as-yet-unknown human ancestor from Asia. “What it begins to suggest is that we’re looking at a Lord of the Rings-type world — that there were many hominid populations,” says Mark Thomas, an evolutionary geneticist at University College London who was at the meeting but was not involved in the work. The first published Neanderthal1 and Denisovan2 genome sequences revolutionized the study of ancient human history, not least because they showed that these groups bred with anatomically modern humans, contributing to the genetic diversity of many people alive today.
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/11/homo-naledi-humans-not-alone-evolution?CMP=fb_gu
This author has traced her own bloodline back to Sumeria, and is an Advisor to DNA Decipher Journal, so speaks from some experience. Genealogy has become the world's biggest hobby, second only to the subject of sex online. The Underground Stream has spawned many underground scenes. Prior to the internet, our inherited connections were the global web of the genetic matrix, concealing many secrets of deep history and psychically linking us to one another.
Like most things, the widely-misunderstood Bloodline "conspiracy" looks different from inside its own culture than it does from outside. Those actively pursuing their own royal genealogies or involved in the numerous organizations, heritage groups, and scenes surrounding its lore often hold radically different viewpoints on the subject than articles generated and endlessly recycled online.
Those involved tend to be fascinated with certain eras, issues, or philosophies -- with magical personas, illustrious or nefarious ancestors, or alternative lifestyles. Some are metaphysical or spiritual, and others deeply religious; most are idiosyncratic, finding meanings only they value. The other side is profoundly skeptical, antagonistic or political, considering the bloodline pathologically malignant and controlling -- a nonhuman cabal of evil intent. Clearly, it means many things to many people.
Those who disbelieve the Grail paradigm might be surprised when it turns up in their family history. That is the best and perhaps only way to truly grasp its deeper meaning -- from the inside out. You can read the history of the world in your own genealogical lines, in the lives of your gr-grandparents. It usually only takes finding 4-5 generations to plug into the World Tree.
Exploiting the Gullible
Most people with any interest in the bloodline are invested in some theory -- perhaps, in ancient alien hybridization scenarios, the Sumerian story ala Sitchin. Political viewpoints range from monarchist to anarchist ideas about ruling elites, who have a stranglehold on social control and the bloodline.
David Icke was foremost in promoting his theory that the elite are shape-shifting Reptilians. He went so far as to accuse his ex-wife of being the same during their divorce. He brings a level of hysteria to the subject that has earned him big money. Salacious stories tend to sell. But it is just another means of demonization and projection. You have to look at the effects, not the content of the tale. Human oppression doesn't need aliens to exist.
It doesn't absolve sociopathic behavior by governments or leaders, but this may be the 'pot calling the kettle black' while exploiting the public itself. If Icke really cared about humanity, would he be charging for his so-called wisdom? But that is what charismatic tricksters do. So, who is the shape-shifter, here? Is it not the duplicitous teller of tales? Linking aliens, UFOs, and gov-crime conveniently expands the potential audience. Ironically, such appeals probably ignite their own reptilian brainstem and primal fears. The audience stares at him like deer in headlights.
But all these views about the bloodline miss the point, which is experiential and may first appear as a "calling" or mission. Having an opinion is emotional and cognitive. But diving into your history is deeply connective -- integrative.
Chances are, due to the mythic and emotional appeal of such arguments and factions, no rational facts will disuade anyone. They don't want to hear contrary evidence because they are highly invested in their own identities and certain narratives through such beliefs, right or wrong. Those who are ego invested have an even higher stake in being somehow 'special'.
It's All Relative
All of humanity is related many times over. Ancestors are those people you directly descend from, not extended family members. An ancestor or forebear is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i.e., a grandparent, great-grandparent, great-great-grandparent, and so forth). Ancestor is "any person from whom one is descended".
Direct-line research refers to genealogy focused on one's direct-line ancestors. However, as people are separated by more generations, their genetic relatedness plummets, exponentially. You share half of each parents' genes, one-fourth of your four grandparents, an eighth of eight greatgrandparents; a sixteenth of sixteen great-great-grandparents; and so on.
With twenty-five years per generation, you had around three billion ancestors at the signing of the Magna Carta, one hundred billion during the Norman invasion, two quintillion when the Roman Empire fell, and around 1,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 at the birth of Jesus. Earth did not contain a fraction of that population then.
Collateral line is a term used to describe family relationships not in the direct line of descent such as siblings, spouses and children of siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. Statistically all of us are descended from everyone. Allowing 25 years per generation, in the 62 generations since 450AD, we have had 4.6 x 1016 direct ancestors -- more people than have ever existed. So we must be related to everyone on earth many times over.
After only a few generations any personal genealogy links to that of the World Tree, which has been long established. This mirrors the process of our personal unconscious embedded in the deeper collective unconscious. Knowing your genealogy brings that invisible information into the conscious world. Sometimes that knowledge is shocking, destabilizing, or permanently alters once's sense of self. There is something to knowing exactly who you are and where you come from, relatively speaking.
Later monarchs are descended many times over from earlier ones. Research suggests that everyone in the West is descended from Charlemagne, c. 800 AD. Quite likely the entire world is descended from the Ancient Egyptian royal house, c. 1600 BC. As is almost everyone in the world from Confucius, c. 500 BC. and Genghis Khan. These findings do not necessarily have any implications for our DNA. Anthropologists claim everyone on earth is a 40th cousin. Any two people can find at least 1 common ancestor since about 800 AD.
To descend from someone does not mean you necessarily inherit any DNA from them. Probably sixty percent or more Americans are descended from kings. These findings do not conflict with the idea that most or all of your DNA is inherited from your local area. Even if you do descend from the Pharaohs, that does not mean this can be detected in your DNA. In fact, there may be no evidence at all of these findings in humanity's DNA. And yet the findings can still be true.
Game of Thrones
The Da Vinci Code made much of the so-called Roseline marking sacred sites in the European landscape. But the real Rose Lines are revealed in the royal genealogies with which it is interwoven. The Grail is the source of life, of generativity.
To transcend our small selves we need bigger stories. The deep context of our global heritage is it -- a mythic perspective suited to our age, culture, and sensibilities. Symbols are the currency of consciousness and the highest symbol and value is the Grail. It carries different meaning for each individual in their quest for self-knowledge.
Conspiracy fans project either their fascination or animosity for the Bloodline meme onto individuals and groups. Those accused have more in common with their accusors than some actual other self-segregated or self-selected group. The psyche tends to fill in the blanks in our conscious understanding with imaginal and mythic material that is at best symbolic or metaphorical, not literal.
There is no shortage of claimants to reincarnations of the famous, or being Mary Magdalene, Jesus, the Antichrist, the Men Who Would Be King, or various archetypal characters. Others bury themselves in pilgrimages, deciphering hidden codes or endlessly searching for treasure or relics, even bodies. All the symbolism of the unconscious can mobilize in a fugue, overwhelming the ego. Different memes (popular disinformation; viral ideas) capture our attention, sometimes to the point of obsession.
Nevertheless, the number of gullible followers increases because people often prefer a fairtytale to a more pragmatic truth, or statistical data. The appeal of such unsubstantiated or daisy-chained allegations is largely emotional. Many seek only corroborating evidence while ignoring basic research which shows different results, preferring misconceptions and self-delusion.
Those motivated by conspiratorial politics make a big deal out of the fact that most Presidential candidates can be traced to related families, failing to realize that millions of others with Colonial or Revolutionary families have the same heritage. If it's a "plot" it involves an enormous amount of tertiary people who carry the bloodline with or without any knowledge that is so. Some of them will naturally be those who look with suspicion upon the deeper relationships originating in the Middle Ages.
Tired Memes
There are many tired memes that are repeated over and over again, as if that makes them more valid. They cluster around wild tales of the Anunnaki and other ancient aliens, Rh- blood, and allegations of racial difference or superiority, etc. Most such notions originate with those unfamiliar with genealogy, their own descent, or the basics of biology.
Our early ancestors had only type O blood. Around 40KYA mutations likely occurred creating A and B blood types. Types A and B blood are from dominant genes, so they spread through the population and became more common. Genetic mapping shows a mutation from Rh positive to Rh negative occurred in the Basque area of Europe around 40,000 years ago.
Those mutations likely occurred creating blood types A and B. What could cause such mutations? In the Laschamp event, Earth's magnetic shield went down, exposing humanity to unusual amounts of cosmic radiation.
The Laschamp event was a short reversal of the Earth's magnetic field. It occurred 41,000 years ago during the last ice age and was first recognised, in the late 1960s, as a geomagnetic reversal recorded in the Laschamp lava flows in the Clermont-Ferrand district of France. The magnetic excursion has since been demonstrated in geologcial archives from many parts of the world. The period of reversed magnetic field was 440 years, with the transition from the normal field lasting 250 years. The reversed field was 75% weaker whereas the strength dropped to only 5% of the current strength during the transition. This resulted in greater radiation reaching the Earth, causing greater production of beryllium 10. Higher levels of carbon 14 would also have been produced during the low field times (Wikipedia).
Humans made a quantum leap into the savanna of East Africa roughly 45,000 years ago.
Some 41,000 years ago, a complete and rapid reversal of the geomagnetic field occurred that correlates with this period. During the last ice age, a compass at the Black Sea would have pointed to the south instead of north. This brief polarity change lasted only 250 years. As a consequence, Earth nearly completely lost its magnetosphere protection against hard cosmic rays, leading to significantly increased radiation exposure.
Genes mutate all the time. Mutations can be useful, harmful or neutral in their effects. In large populations, even helpful mutations tend to get “swamped” by non-mutant genes and vanish over time. Often they simply turn a gene off.
DNA records the existence, sometime between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago, of a small group of people who are the ancestors of every person alive today. Our DNA is like a history encyclopedia. It tells us the stories of our forebearers from the first human who walked on the earth to YOU.
Different DNA regions can tell us whether our ancestors interbred with Neanderthals, while other regions tell us about the path our ancestors took out of Africa. It all depends on what you want to know and your ability to interpret the genetic code. No scientific definitions for genetic ethnicity are universally accepted.
The best way to determine the genetic relationships among people is to compare the sequences of the nucleotides in their DNA. Even with both a pedigree and genetic genealogy tests, the results require interpretation. Different members of the same family can embody and display different features. Saxons, Gauls, Picts, Franks, Iberians, and Celts merge in the melting pot.
University of Arizona geneticists discovered that the oldest known genetic branch of the human Y chromosome (300,000 years) is the hereditary factor determining male sex. So far, there is no exclusive nor conclusive DNA signature for the Grail lineage, and there are gaps in the legends, the histories, and the pedigrees which require interpretation, if not leaps of imagination. This is as true for those of unbroken dynastic Houses as it is for those of mixed blood.
Unlike the other human chromosomes, the majority of the Y chromosome does not exchange genetic material with other chromosomes, which makes it simpler to trace ancestral relationships among contemporary lineages. Two Y chromosomes carry the same mutation if they share a common paternal ancestor at some point in the past. The more mutations that differ between two Y chromosomes the farther back in time the common ancestor lived.
The latest research cautions against popular concepts of "mitochondrial Eve" or "Y chromosome Adam" that suggest all of humankind descended from exactly one pair of humans that lived at a certain point in human evolution. Results suggest that there are pockets of genetically isolated communities that collectively preserve a great deal of human diversity.
It has just been discovered that Native Americans have 13%-38% percent of the genome tracing back to western Eurasia. The ancestors of Native Americans split off from those of east Asians, they moved north. Somewhere in Siberia, they met another group of people coming east from western Eurasia. The two groups mingled, and their descendants eventually traveled east into North America. (Young)
Mitochondrial DNA is passed only through the female line. Mitochondria is a living organism, a separate life form from ourselves. They are dependent on us for life; we live in a symbiotic relationship. Mitochondrial DNA can live 15 generations. 15 generations of living mitochondria live inside you. Your 15 generation grandparents' living cells are in you. A mutant mtDNA will drift to fixation in a human matriline in 15 generations.
Most British ancestors arrived as hunter-gatherers, between 15,000 and 7,500 years ago. But it is rather silly to say that, “Our ancestors were Basques, not Celts". They are not lineage groups. They are ethnic groups that developed within the last 2,000 or 3,000 years. Basque STRs (genetic markers used to identify a DNA sequence) reveal 21 founding clusters, which could only have arrived direct from the Basque country. Their descendant twigs are unique to the British Isles.
Grail houses can have different Y haplogroups (paternal) as well as different mtDNA (maternal) signatures. While the “red gene” is significant, it may or may not distinguish noble ancestors. Typical medical problems of a line will not all present in one individual.
Neanderthals also had red hair, but studies show the mutation responsible for this differs from that which causes red hair in modern humans. Genetic drift simply favored the fair skinned who could absorb more Vitamin D in less-sunny northern climes. It helps in heat retention.
Natural selection is influenced primarily by two factors: the amount of genetic variation for a trait and the strength of selection on that trait. There is a genetic coupling of correlated traits.
Selection acting on one trait can cause expression in any correlated trait. Over longer periods natural selection structure will be determined by some combination of mutation, genetic drift, and migration. There can be substantial variation, with causes as ephemeral as famine and cosmic rays. The resulting traits are described as the "G-matrix".
We shouldn't underestimate the potential role of drift in explaining divergence among populations. Genetic studies show, inbreeding appears to generate more divergence in the details of the genetic architecture and distribution of changes.
Research shows that inbreeding changes the shape of the genetic covariance matrix. Such inbreeding is one of the primary characteristics of ancient lines, some of which historically included brother-sister marriage for conserving sovereignty, wealth and social control in the same families.
Mutation and genetic drift are known to change the amount of genetic variation for a trait. For example, genetics has demonstrated that all light-eyed people descend from a single individual with a specific mutation. Any given line can be quite different.
Divine Pride
Discovering old royal lines, many leap to royal ego trips, declaring themselves princes of their imaginal realms, seeking spurious titles. Other fancy themselves channels of ancient ancestors such as Mary Magdalene or even Jesus. While such identifications have always been popular, again based on emotional appeal and lack of critical thinking, they may be no more than 'misguided inner authority'.
The unconscious psyche can produce great wisdom; it can also churn out endless rubbish or Trickster distortions. Ego inflation is an over-expansion of the personality through identification with an archetype or, in pathological cases, with a historical or religious figure, which exceeds individual limitations.
Furthermore, no credible experts in DNA have come forward with idiosyncratic ideas that support the inflated memes about genes that paper many sites, which wallow in their own infallibility and self-assurance. Epigenetics has shown that the environment exerts a life-altering patterning effect on us as much or more than genetics. You get the genealogy you deserve.
Mystification abounds among those who don't know the basics of genetics or genealogy, and are persuaded by oft-repeated tales told with great enthusiasm and gravity, as if that makes them more reliable. The main virtue of such allegations is that they are unprovable one way or the other, making them ideal material for psychological projection, usually resulting in either inflation or paranoia about so-called 'elitists', or other such buzzwords for scapegoated groups.
At about 360 years, or just short of 15 generations an individual living today would carry only three thousands of 1% (00.003052%) of the DNA of an ancestor who was “pure” anything 15 generations ago. So even if one ancestor was indeed Mediterranean 15 generations ago, unless they continuously intermarried within a pure Mediterranean population, the amount would drop by 50% with each generation to the miniscule amount that would be found in today’s current generation. With today’s technology, this is simply untraceable in autosomal DNA. (Miller, Ancestral Memories)
Direct Ancestors
Life and consciousness are the ultimate emergent phenomena, but we still don't know their real origin, which remains veiled in Mystery. We are Cosmic psychophysical beings with a core reaching down into the microcosm of quantum dynamics and the still center of Zero-Point.
In the split second moment of conception, the two streams of genetic information from your parents, handed on from generation to generation over literally hundreds of millennia, combined in one single cell embodying your unique potential. It ensured that you became an unequaled living record of the lives and ways of your ancestors.
All of your ancient ancestors had one thing in common -- they were survivors who overcame daunting obstacles and hardships in their natural world. Your DNA is a legacy passed down to you from thousands of generations of fittest individuals. You have the best of their collective genes, all meticulously spelled out within the DNA of your genome. Within historical times, you have ancestors from whom you have no DNA.
Based on genome sequences, science now accepts the mixed heritage theory that modern humans interbred with other now-extinct species, including Neanderthal, Denisovian, and an unknown Asian species, possibly Homo heidelbergensis . It appears 30-50,000 years ago there were many hominid species, but only anatomically modern humans prevailed. But the relic biology of other hominids remains part of our genome. (Nature)
Your individual DNA fingerprint depends on how the chromosomes line up at conception. Some traits from both parents’ potentials will be there, while others get excluded. So, some siblings can be redheads, others not; some can have family medical problems, others not, some may be Rh neg., others not. Extensive historical knowledge of cultural practices and human migratory patterns helps us piece each story together. We may find things we never imagined and find no evidence for traits known within our lineage.
In genealogy the term "direct line" refers to a relationship of one person to another in a direct line. A direct-line ancestor is someone from whom you descend in a direct line, parent to child, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. Direct-line research refers to genealogy research focused on one's direct-line ancestors. Blood relations refer to the underground stream, the Red River of Memories that flows within us. The Blood is real and it's fresh; it flows in your veins.
By contrast, collateral line is a term used to describe family relationships not in the direct line of descent such as siblings, spouses and children of siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. Researching direct-line ancestry is a common focus of genealogists and family history researchers. Proving a direct line of descent is generally required for membership in heritage societies. A mere seven generations back we have over 200 people in just our immediate, or father-mother, grandfather-grandmother line.
We are not just talking about the way you look, but about your ancestral memories, the complete set of instincts and response patterns that were responsible for the survival of those two genetic streams in the first place. The instincts and response patterns that you were actually born with are what Jung called the Collective Unconscious. Genealogy functions as a therapeutic portal, much like dreams or symptoms allow us to enter the imaginal dimension.
Epigenetics is the heritable changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence, rooted in our ancestors' experience.. Genes are expressed or silenced.
Genealogy is about Identity. It is an Art, a quest for the truth within. Harvesting the fruits of the Tree of Life mobilizes the soul for creative self-expression, self-discovery and self-healing. Much benefit and fulfillment comes simply by remembering, writing, tape-recording, sharing, painting, enacting or otherwise birthing them into the physical world.
Genealogy takes tremendous effort, like the Great Work. It affects the psyche with both historical and imaginal, known and unknown elements. It has its own magic, alchemy, and synchronicities. Some attempt to garner social status through their genealogies when other avenues elude them. Some in search of their identity wind up finding the Shadow.
Genealogy is about Identity. Some people who come to this practice use it to build a persona that becomes their main way of connecting in the world, an excessive commitment to a rather false image. Jung identified the persona as a social mask or psychological armor. Recovery, the aim of individuation, "is not only achieved by work on the inside figures but also, as conditio sine qua non, by a readaptation in outer life," according to Jung. We live in the present moment.
Genetics demonstrates that traits are not inherited preferentially from the ancestral matrix. While you may have a demonstrable royal line you inherit far more genetics from commoners who did not have their lines recorded. While it is true that the Y-haplotype is passed directly from father to son, generation after generation, we all also inherit the even more persistent mitochondrial DNA from our maternal ancestors, up to 400 generations, or so.
With mtDNA the surname changes each generation. Every once in a while a mutation -- a random, natural (and usually harmless) change -- occurs in the sequence of our mitochondrial DNA. Think of it as a spelling mistake. After one of these mutations occurs in a particular woman, she then passes it on to her daughters, and her daughters' daughters, and so on. Mothers also pass on their mitochondrial DNA to their sons, but the sons in turn do not pass it on. Geneticists use these markers from people all over the world to construct one giant mitochondrial family tree.
But even siblings may or may not inherit the slightest bit of any given ancestor or line. Thus, there is no single haplotype for the royal lines, nor any single identifying gene of that inheritance. Those with a royal genealogy may not have single "royal" gene in their genome, making any claims of extraordinary inheritance moot.
Your individual DNA fingerprint depends on how the chromosomes line up at conception. Some traits from both parents’ potentials will be there, while others get excluded. So, some siblings can be redheads, others not; some can have family medical problems, others not, some may be Rh neg., others not.
No one knows where the Rh-negative originates. Rhesus negative blood simply means that the blood doesn't have any Rhesus antigens on the surface of the red blood cells. Absence of a protein does not have to originate from anywhere.
The simplest explanation is that Rh-negative blood is a mutation on the first chromosome which rendered individuals incapable of producing functional Rhesus proteins. There are so few people with Rh-negative blood because it is a recessive trait. 5% of global population is currently Rh-Negative. But, they are 15% of the UK and USA. The Basque region is 50%. They descend from Paleolithic inhabitants of Western Europe prior to the arrival of farmers between 9,000 and 6,000 years ago.
Conceivably, only one sibling in a dozen might be Rh negative, descended from Rh positive parents. Even siblings get varied genetic packages and may not have genes from all the ethnicities or ancestors of their genealogical lines. There are different ethnic signatures. Some siblings might carry the signature of Native American ancestors; others not.
For example the Rh- blood type is a recessive gene, which may or may not express in a family. It could be ten or more generations since anyone has had Rh- blood in his family. But the RhD- version of the RhD gene is still there. To express both parents must carry the recessive gene.
Two parents who have O positive blood could easily have a child who is O negative. In fact, most children who are O negative have parents who are positive. Some or perhaps none of a couple's children may inherit the trait. So siblings can be mixed Rh- with other blood types that are dominant. It all depends on the selection of evolutionary forces and the gene-expression of epigenetics. Some people believe that O Negative blood is "pure" or "alien". Neither of these notions are true.
There’s a simple way of describing our genetic relatedness. Not only do all people have the same set of genes, but all groups of people also share the major variants of those genes. Geneticists have never found a genetic marker that is of one type in all the members of one large group and of a different type in all the members of another large group. That’s why ethnically targeted biological weapons would never work. Every group overlaps genetically with every other. We have cultural differences masquerading as race problems. (The Atlantic)
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/04/the-genetic-archaeology-of-race/2180/
There is no singular gene, mutation, allele, STR or SNP that tells the whole story. "single nucleotide polymorphisms" (SNPs, snips) make up about 90 percent of all genetic variation in the human genome. There are clusters of mutations that show deep relationship patterns of regional origin in some individuals. There is no DNA report that is 100% conclusive. They use the statistical mathematics of the educated guess.
Statistical and sampling flaws can lead to misinterpretations, based on too small of samplings and comparison studies. So, our own conclusions about our own DNA tests are, in part, interpretations of an interpretation. We can only draw inferences about the past based on the patterns observed in human DNA. And this is what keeps our quest alive.
Curated Lines
Most Europeans are descended largely from populations of farmers who started migrating out of the Middle East 9,000 years ago. As the sons and daughters of farming families left their parents’ farms and moved into new territory, they interbred with the existing hunter-gatherer populations, which produced gradients of genetic change radiating from the Middle East.
Only in mountainous areas unattractive to farmers—the Pyrenees homelands of the Basques, for example—were the genes of the indigenous peoples comparatively intact. Other historical events influenced the European gene pool. For example, a genetic trail leads from the area north of the Black and Caspian Seas into the rest of Europe. This trail links to the spread of the descendants of nomadic warriors and herders who first domesticated the horse, about 4,000 B.C.
Genetic genealogy is the application of genetics to traditional genealogy. Genetic genealogy involves the use of genealogical DNA testing to determine the level of genetic relationship between individuals and archaic tribes. It provides evidence of ancient tribes and migrations, but none about the actual people in genealogical lines, much less their names or history.
Furthermore, both are highly subject to interpretation of the results. It is a truism that genealogy without proofs is relatively useless, and even those lines accepted as "best practice" in genealogy have gaps and presumptions that ultimately lead back to mythical progenitors. Any viable genealogy must be curated with citations and evidence at every stage to have reliable validity.
Once you have located what is known as a gateway ancestor, one who links your family to a known noble ancestry, the door opens upon a world of recorded and published pedigrees that can lead back to royalty.
For countless Americans, whether they know it or not, and countless others of European ancestry, these gateways provide a tangible personal link to the highly inbred medieval world, in the form of descents from medieval kings, queens, popes, crusaders, troubadours, heroes, villains, and saints. Sooner or later, a gateway is likely to turn up in any sufficiently "bushy" New England family tree.
The relative importance of a gateway ancestor, for research purposes, depends on (1) the amount of new and traceable ancestry a gateway brings into the target population, and (2) the number of descendants that gateway has, which insures a large interest base. Based on these two factors, early immigrants with traceable royal ancestry are the most talked about gateways, but not really out of any class-oriented prejudice. Among early immigrants from Europe to the Americas, individuals with noble connections are likely to be traceable to a vastly larger number of ancestors, and thus sustain more interest and offer more connections as ‘gateways’.
Only 86 to 600 gateway ancestors may sound like a small target to shoot for. But remember, your chances are mathematically better than you think. By going back to 1650 or so, you are exploring 12 generations (12 x 30 years per generation = 360 years). Barring intermarriage of cousins, there would be 4096 (2 to the 12th power) ancestors in your 12th generation, and there were only a few thousand Western people on the eastern shores of America in 1650. So the chances that one of yours is a gateway ancestor are pretty good.
Next, you should review the line from your gateway ancestor up to Charlemagne. Most of these ascents go through the English or French kings, such as Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Do the Math & Get Over It
Most Americans with sizable New England Yankee, mid-Atlantic Quaker, or Southern "planter" ancestry are descended from medieval royals -- kings of England, Scotland, and France especially. Following those lines back into the mists of pre-history we find direct links to all so-called racial divisions. Most of our ancestors will remain "invisible". This is the main reason people emphasize ancestral nobles.
The ancient royal lines include Asian Siberians and Han Chinese dynasties, sub-Saharan African, and Muslim lines among the direct ancestors. Some will have Turkish, Persian, and Indian lines. Ultimately, this means 'race' is an illusion, other than the human race. The math backs this up, indicating we are all related within perhaps 40 generations.
Once you have located what is known as a "gateway ancestor", one who links your family to a known noble ancestry, the door opens to a world of recorded and published pedigrees that can lead back to royalty. A “Gateway Ancestor” is your immigrant ancestor who has legitimate or illegitimate royal descent. He or she, then, is your American “gateway” to royalty. "Gateway Ancestors" are colonists or immigrants who came to America that are descended of royal blood.
So you find you come from royalty -- get over it. The Pyramid Theory, a doubling of ancestors each generation back, claims you have 2048 ancestors by the 12th generation in your past, and possibly 60,000 direct ancestors going back to the Crusades. By Generation #40, you have more than one trillion ancestors!
We are at the end of a long and winding genetic journey that continues after and through us. We are probably all connected by the 25th gr-grandparents, if you do the math. There is a great possibility that we are descendants (or are related) from almost everyone alive some seven hundred years ago. With our parents' generation as Nº 1, the number of persons is 33,554,432.
That number is the theoretical result of (x2) progression, since many of those ancestors are the same persons. The genealogical evidence shows that many of the families intermarried for generations, producing a rich genealogical heritage. By the 12th generation you have possibly 60,000 direct ancestors going back to the Crusades.
Yet, somehow a determined gen can survive intact through all those descendants and become a particle of memory that will give you a dejá vu once in a while. Ancestral memories may not be of actual events - it is not to be confused with the idea of past life or reincarnation - but of reactive response patterns and emotional states brought about by environment. The past has gone and the future has yet to come. All you ever have is the present.
Mixed Blood
Eleventh cousins share on average 60-parts-per-billion of DNA, or about 180bp (although with wide variation due to the spotty nature of meiotic recombination: in fact, 99.5% of 11th cousins will share no stretches of DNA through recent descent at all, while the remaining 0.5% will typically share tens of thousands of bases). Given that the average person harbours about 10 recessive diseases, this gives about a 1 in 1.6 million chance of offspring developing a royal disease due to a piece of DNA shared between them.
In fact, eleventh cousins is a pretty low degree of relatedness, by the standard of these things. A study of inbreeding in European populations found that couples from the UK are, on average, as genetically related as 6th cousins (the study looked at inbreeding in Scots, and in children of one Orkadian and one non-Orkadian). 6th cousins share about 0.006% of their DNA, and thus have about a 0.06% chance of developing a genetic disease via a common ancestor. http://www.genomesunzipped.org/2011/04/inbreeding-genetic-disease-and-the-royal-wedding.php
So how do we relate to those we perceive as kin? In the struggle between society and family, the exponential mathematics of kinship ordinarily works to the advantage of society. Anthropologist Nancy Thornhill who contends that the prohibitions against incestuous marriages in most societies are not public-health measures aimed at reducing birth defects but the society's way of fighting back against extended families.
Successful coalitions and charlatans also pose as "kin". Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker warns misperceived kinship makes people vulnerable to manipulation and cultish mind control:
When it comes to individual people, then, kinship is in the mind of the beholder. That creates
an opening through which manipulators can flood people's kinship sense with cues that mimic the signals of biological relatedness. This kind of mind control is a strong temptation to anyone who wants to foster cohesion among people who are not closely related. Contrary to a shibboleth of the American right, family values do not uphold religion and country;
they subvert them. An extended family is a rival coalition to any other group, held together not by an ideology or social contract or common purpose but by brute genetic relatedness. And it is a coalition with an unfair advantage: relatives care for one another more than comrades do. Religions and political movements thus have to undermine family loyalties. Marxist collectivization and Moonie programming are obvious recent examples, but millennia before them Jesus momentously declared, "A man's foes shall be they of his own household. He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me." (Pinker)
It isn't merely our noble genealogy that makes us who we are. After all, we share most of it with millions of people. What is unique is our personal reaction to such knowledge and how our relationship with it evolves as we assimilate and integrate that expanded awareness -- the Mystery of the whole matter.
We need To Know genealogy much like we need to know physics and psychology to comprehend what matter is, as well as what makes us matter. We have thousands of ancestors whose lines are not preserved, making the small slice of royal descent largely archetypal as well as material. The part stands for the Whole - the cosmic process of Big History.
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Callaway, Ewan, Mystery humans spiced up ancients’ sex lives Genome analysis suggests there was interbreeding between modern humans, Neanderthals, Denisovans and an unknown archaic population, [maybe Homo Naledi] Nature magazine, 19 November 2013
http://www.nature.com/news/mystery-humans-spiced-up-ancients-sex-lives-1.14196
Updated genome sequences from two extinct relatives of modern humans suggest that these ‘archaic’ groups bred with humans and with each other more extensively than was previously known. The ancient genomes, one from a Neanderthal and one from a member of an archaic human group called the Denisovans, were presented on 18 November at a meeting on ancient DNA at the Royal Society in London. The results suggest that interbreeding went on between the members of several ancient human-like groups in Europe and Asia more than 30,000 years ago, including an as-yet-unknown human ancestor from Asia. “What it begins to suggest is that we’re looking at a Lord of the Rings-type world — that there were many hominid populations,” says Mark Thomas, an evolutionary geneticist at University College London who was at the meeting but was not involved in the work. The first published Neanderthal1 and Denisovan2 genome sequences revolutionized the study of ancient human history, not least because they showed that these groups bred with anatomically modern humans, contributing to the genetic diversity of many people alive today.
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/11/homo-naledi-humans-not-alone-evolution?CMP=fb_gu
(c)2015; All Rights Reserved, Iona Miller, Sangreality Trust
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